Practicum 2 Flashcards
perfect flower
flower having both stamens and carpels
Aggregate
Aggregate fruit
A fruit that develops from
a single flower with several to many pistils (i.e., carpels are not fused into a single pistil).
Blackberry (Rubus)
Butterfly Life Cylce
- Adults 2. eggs 3. larvae 1st instar 4. larva 5. larva (pupating) 6. Pupa (chrysalis)
circles w/ dots all around?
turtox ground bone thin x.s.
Lophophorates = lophophore-bearing animals
What is a lophophore?
a circular or horseshoe-shaped organ about the mouth especially of a brachiopod or bryozoan that bears tentacles and functions especially in food-getting
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Bone compact C.S.
P: platyhelminthes= flatworms
C: Turbellaria =live planaria
Planarian anatomy
digestive and excretory systemsplanarian anatomy
nervous and reproductive systems
A. Nervous system 1. main sensory brain nerves 2. brain 3. dorsal commisure between vental rods 4.ventral nerve cord 5.transverse cammissure 6. marginal plexus 7. anterior continuation of the ventral cods 8. eye, nerve cells 9. eye, pigment 10. ventral sensoy nerves vas efferens
B. reproductive system 11. ovary 12. vitelline gland 13. testis 14. oviduct 15. vas deferens 16. praynx 17. seminal vesicle 18. seminal receptacle 19. pharygeal opening 20. vagina 21. penis papilla 22. genita; atrium 23. genital pore
P: Porifera= Calcarea & Silicea= sponges
Asymmetrical; cells loosely arranged and do not form true tissues; body is sac with pores, central cavity, and osculum
Collar cells (choanocytes); aquatic, mainly marine
collar cells - bring in food
Choanoflagellates are characterized by a single flagellum surrounded by a collar of microvilli. Sponges have flagellate cells called collar cells, or choanocytes, which are strikingly similar to choanoflagellates.
aquatic animals
sessile
most rely on maintaining a constant water flow through their bodies to obtain food, oxygen and remove wastes.
three asexual methods of reproduction: after fragmentation; by budding; and by producing gemmules. They use the mobility of their pinacocytes and choanocytes and reshaping of the mesohyl to reattach themselves to a suitable surface and then rebuild.
the skeletal framework of a sponge can be both rigid and fibrous. Between the outer and inner cell layers, the sponge body has a gelatin-like layer, the mesohyl, which is supported by slender skeletal spikes, or spicules.
pond
yellow pond lilly
cattail
rush
native ferns
red slider turtle
P: platyhelminthes= flatworms
C: Turbellaria =live planaria
Mainly free-living; mainly marine; body covered by ciliated epidermis; typically carnivorous; prey on tiny invertebrates
Planarians are carnivorous; they trap small animals in a mucous secretion. The digestive system consists of a single opening (the mouth); a tubelike, muscular pharynx (the first portion of the diges- tive tube); and a branched gastrovascular cavity. A planarian projects its pharynx outward through its mouth, using it to suck in prey. The long, highly branched gastrovascular cavity distributes food to all parts of the body so each cell can receive nutrients by diffusion.
reproduce either asexually or sexually. In asexual reproduction, an individual constricts in the middle and divides into two planarians. Each regenerates its missing parts. Sexually, these animals are hermaphrodites. During the warm months of the year, each is equipped with a complete set of male and female organs. Two planarians come together in copulation and exchange sperm cells so that their eggs are cross-fertilized.
SP: Chelicerata
Subphylum Chelicerata includes the merostomes (horseshoe crabs) and the arachnids (spiders, mites, and their relatives). The chelicerate body consists of a cephalothorax and abdomen; there are six pairs of uniramous, jointed appendages, of which four pairs serve as legs. The first appendages are chelicerae; the second are pedipalps. These appendages are adapted for manipulation of food, locomotion, defense, or copulation. Chelicerates have no antennae and no mandibles.
Simple, Berry: Hesperidium
Hesperidium type fruits are always covered with a leathery rind and the partitions separating their carpels are tough and fibrous. The orange, lemon and grapefruit, all members of the citrus family, are good examples of the hespiridium type of fruit.
Squid anatomy
old mission dam & riparian section
mosses
Equisetum telmateia
maidenhair fern
big-leaf maple
western sycamores
coast live oaks
white alders
C: Scyphozoans
Mainly marine; typically inhabit coastal water, free-swimming medusa most prominent form; polyp stage often reduced
- Embryonic development (within maternal tissue)
a. zygote b-d. cleavage e. Gastrula - planula 3. young actinula
- scyphistoma, w/ tentacles 5. Scyphistoma, strobilation
- Scyphistoma, tentacles lost 7. advanced strobila
- young ephyra (just detached) 9-10. developing ephyra
- medusa
Acoustic REceptor (ear)
auditory acuity test- tick watch to ear how far can they still hear away from ear
rinne test - vibrating tuning fork behing unplugged ear.
weber test - vibrating fork to heafd,is it equal in both ears.
Auditory adaptation - vibrating fork to ear move away put back to ear did they hear sound again
.
Desert section
yellow flowered palo verde
ocotillo
desert lavender
jojoba
agaves
cactus
ca. palms
western fence lizard
P: Annelida = segmented worms
segmented worms with bilateral symmetry and a tubular body that may be partitioned into more than 100 ringlike segments. This phylum, composed of about 15,000 species, includes three main groups: the polychaetes, a group of marine and freshwater worms; the earthworms; and the leeches.
The term Annelida (from a Latin word meaning “little rings”) refers to the series of rings, or segments, which make up the annelid body. Both the body wall and many of the internal organs are segmented. Some structures, such as the digestive tract and certain nerves, extend the length of the body, passing through successive segments. Other structures, such as excretory organs, are repeated in each segment. In polychaetes and earthworms, segments are separated from one another internally by transverse partitions called septa.
An important advantage of segmentation is that it facilitates locomotion. The coelom is divided into segments, and each segment has its own muscles. This arrangement allows the animal to elongate one part of its body while shortening another part. The an- nelid’s hydrostatic skeleton is important in movement. Polychaetes and earthworms have bristlelike structures called setae (sing., seta), located on each segment. Setae provide traction as the worm moves alongg by alternating contraction of its longitudinal and circular muscles. In earthworms, setae consist mainly of chitin.
The annelid nervous system typically consists of a ventral nerve cord and a simple brain consisting of a pair of ganglia. Each segment has a pair of ganglia and lateral nerves. Annelids have a large, well-developed coelom, a closed circulatory system, and a complete digestive tract extending from mouth to anus. Respiration is cutaneous, that is, through the skin, or by gills. Typically, a pair of excretory tubules called metanephridia is located in each segment.
Flower and polination lab
complete flower
having all four floral parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
SP: Trilobtomprpha = tribotes
The trilobites are extinct marine arthropods covered by a hard, seg- mented shell. Each segment had a pair of biramous appendages, appendages with two jointed branches, an inner walking leg and an outer gill branch.
P: Cnidaria
C. Anthrozoans
Marine; solitary or colonial polyps; no medusa stage in most; gastrovascular cavity divided by partitions into chambers, increasing area for digestion
- Embryonic develop a. zygote b-d- cleavage e. gastrula
- planula 3. early polyp
- polyp (tentacles appearing) 5. ployl (1st tentacle formed)
- adult anemone 7. budding 8. longitudinal fission
- pedal laceration
rat dissection
P: Annelida = segmented worms
C: Polychaeta
Mainly marine; each segment bears a pair of parapodia with many setae; well-developed head; separate sexes; trochophore larva
the term polychaete means “many bristles”;
Each body segment typically bears a pair of paddle-shaped appendages called parapodia (sing., parapodium) that function in locomotion and in gas exchange.
zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetric)
only two symmetrical parts are possible if a line is drawn from one side to the other, reaching the centre. With a single plane of symmetry.
Rotifera = rotifers
rotifer
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muscle striated I.S.
drupe
Drupe (simple fruit)
A simple, fleshy fruit in which the inner wall of the fruit
is a hard stone.
Peach (Prunus persica)
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turtox adipose tissue
reproductive systems
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Areolar tissue spread film
simple, Pome
The pome consists of tissue derived from the ovary and from the perianth. For this reason it is often called an accessory fruit. In the example (apple) the core is composed of modified tissue from the ovary wall while the pulp is composed of tissue from the base of the floral tube and receptacle. The seeds were once, early in development, ovules containing fertilized eggs and endosperm. The pear is another pome type of fruit.
P: Mollusca
C: Gastropoda = snails & slugs
Marine, freshwater, or terrestrial; coiled shell in many species; torsion of visceral mass; well-developed head with tentacles and eyes
P: Mollusca = mollusks -> chitons, snails, bivalves, slugs, octopi, squids
Although most mollusks are marine, many snails and clams live in fresh water, and some species of snails and slugs inhabit the land.
A soft body, usually covered by a dorsal shell composed mainly of calcium carbonate, foot, located ventrally, which is used for locomotion, visceral mass, mantle, radula, hemocoel.
fungi lab
P: Mollusca
C: Cephalopoda
The cephalopod mouth is surrounded by tentacles, or arms: 8 in octopods, 10 in squids, and as many as 90 in the cham- bered nautilus. The large head has well-developed eyes that form images. Although they develop differently, their complex eyes are structurally similar to vertebrate eyes and function in much the same way.
the mouth has two strong, horny beaks used to kill prey and tear it to bits. The thick, muscular mantle is fitted with a funnel-like siphon. By filling the cavity with water and ejecting it through the siphon, the cephalopod achieves forceful jet propulsion.
Multiple
Multiple fruit
A fruit that develops from the ovaries of a group of flowers.
Mulberry (Morus)
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Ox spinal cord: motor nerve cells
P: Cnidaria = jellyfish, hydras, sea anemones, hydrozoans (exceptions), corals,sea pansies
Tentacles with cnidocytes (stinging cells) that discharge nematocysts; two body forms: polyp and medusa; some form colonies; mainly marine
Radial symmetry; diploblastic; gastrovascular cavity with one opening
Hydrozoan life cycle
symiotic relationship with corals
- Embryonic development a. zygote b-d. cleavage
- Planula 3. young polyp
4-5. developing colony 6. portion of colony a. hydranth b. gonagium
- young medusa 8. mature medusa
Life cycle of sponge
P: Nematoda = round worms
play key ecological roles as decomposers and predators of smaller organisms. Many soil nematodes eat bacteria. Nematodes are numerous and widely distributed in soil and in marine and freshwater sediments.
bilateral symmetry, a complete digestive tract, three definite tissue layers, and definite organ systems; however, they lack specific circulatory structures. The sexes are usually separate, and the male is generally smaller than the female.
P: Ctenophora = comb jellies
Eight rows of cilia that resemble combs; tentacles with adhesive glue cells; marine predators
Biradial symmetry; diploblastic; gastro- vascular cavity with mouth and anal pores
ctenes = Each row or band of very long cilia fused into ctenes or combs (Greek: ctene = comb). Swimming is accomplished by the beating of the ctenes. Ctenophores are the only animals that have their cilia fused into ctenes. The ctenes are usually organized into eight rows which are evenly spaced around the body.
colloblasts = Adhesive prey-capturing cells on the oral lobes. Each colloblast cell consists of a bulbous, sticky head connected to a long, straight filament and a spiral, contractile filament. Prey become stuck to colloblasts and oral lobes move food to mouth.
simple, dry, Samara
The Samara is a wind borne fruit containing a single seed. It is much like an achene except for the paper-like wing which develops from the ovary wall of the flower. Winged Samara fruits are characteristic of elms, maples and ashes.
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Bone compact C.S.
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ciliated columnar epithelium of clam
C: Hydrozoans
Mainly marine, but some freshwater species; alternation of polyp and medusa stages in most species (polyp form only in Hydra); some form colonies
fungi lab
Flowers and pollination
Usual pollionator size color scent
bats lg white, redish swt (strng)
bees sm (-lg) many (BLUE) not
necessary
butterfly sm (flat)vvarietyswt (faint)
hummingbirds sm (tube) red not necesary
moths med. (tube) white swt (strng)
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Ox spinal cord: motor nerve cells
compound fruit
A fruit consisting of the fusion of the fruits of numerous flowers into a single fruit, such as a pineapple.
C-Fern Lab
sporophytes on mom
3 petri plates w/ C-Fern agar medium.
Start with C –> A for spore placement.
after water is no longer visible observe under high magnification of dissecting scope.
record spores day 1
hermaphodite- ovenmit
male-tongue
add 2 ml of sterile water –> germ swim
P: Annelida = sefmented worms
C: Hirudinae = leeches
Most are blood-sucking parasites that inhabit fresh water; appendages and setae absent; prominent muscular suckers
Cutaneous receptors
mapping touch & temp. grid and poke with pobe
than use heat and do same thing
than do with cold.
start w/ 2 probestogether move until contact is felt x2
dip finger hot/ cold which one addapt faster
dip elbow in bucket
P: Phoronida = phoronids
they are wormlike, sessile animals found in coastal marine sediments. Adult phoronids secrete chitinous tubes in which they live They extend their lophophores from their tubes for feeding. Phoronids vary in length from 2 cm to more than 20 cm (less than 1 in to about 8 in), but they are only 1 to 3 mm in diameter.
Accessory
Accessory fruit
A fruit composed primarily
of nonovarian tissue (such as the receptacle or floral tube).
Apple (Malus sylvestris)
strawberry
Drosophila life cycle
spermatogenesis & oogenesis
Oaks Woodland
coast live oaks
manzanitas
lichens
poison oak
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stratified squamos epithelium
P: Nemertea = ribbon/proboscis worms
Most burrow in marine sediments, but a few species inhabit deep sea water, fresh water, or damp soil.
long, narrow bodies, either cylindrical or flattened. Some are a vivid orange, red, or green, with black or colored stripes.
Their most remarkable organ, the proboscis, is a long, hollow, muscular tube that can be rapidly everted (turned inside out) from the anterior end of the body. Used to capture prey, the sticky pro- boscis can be wrapped around a small animal. In some species the proboscis is sharp, and in various species it secretes toxic fluid that immobilizes prey.
the chamber surrounding the proboscis is a coelomic space, known as a rhynchocoel.
silique & silicle
A silique or siliqua (plural siliques or siliquae) is a fruit (seed capsule) of 2 fused … have a shorter fruit of similar structure, in which case the fruit is called silicle.
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heart muscle intercalated discs
P: Platyhelminthes= flat worms
C: Cestoda = tapeworms
scolex –> hooks on head
The body of the tapeworm consists of a long chain of segments called proglottids.
long, flat, ribbonlike
Parasites of vertebrates; complex life cycle usually with one or two intermediate hosts; larval host may be invertebrate; typically have suckers and sometimes hooks for attachment to host; eggs produced within proglottids, which are shed; no digestive or nervous systems.
- Cysticercus (everted scolex) 2.adult tapeworm 3. mature proglottid 4. Gravid proglottid 5. egg 6. oncosphere (6 hooked embryo) 7. Cysticercus (bladder worm).
Meadow section
Equisetum hyemale
ca. poppy
hummingbird sage
perennial bunch grasses
Dudleya spp.
owl pellet
simple, Schizocarp
a dry compound fruit that splits at maturity into several indehiscent one-seeded carpels.
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Muscle smooth (macerated)
circulatory system
Elementary Earthworm anatomy
- front end 2. esophagus
- crop 4. gizzard
- intestine 6. outter ring
- Rear end 8. Bristles
- (5) hearts 10. throat 11. Mouth
P: Mollusca
C:Polyplacophora = chitons
Marine; dorsal shell consisting of eight separate transverse plates; head reduced; broad foot used for locomotion
abdomen
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hyaline cartilage trachea
P: Mollusca
C: Bivalvia = bivalves (2 shells)
hatchet-shaped foot to protrude ventrally for locomotion and for burrowing in mud.
Clams and oysters are filter feeders that trap food particles suspended in sea water. They take water in through an extension of the mantle called the incurrent siphon. Water leaves by way of an excurrent siphon. As the water passes over the gills, mucus secreted by the gills traps food particles in the stream of water. Cilia move the food to the mouth. An oyster can filter more than 30 L (about 32 qt) of water per hour! As filter feeders, bivalves have no need for a radula, and indeed they are the only group of mollusks that lack this structure.
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Cerebral cortex silver impregnation section
Abdomen
heart lung
Visual receptor
Visual acuity (snellen chart) - eye test
astigmatism - lines appear same than no
accomodation - Near Point - meter stick and chin w/ card type word
pupillary reflex - cove eye than flashlight in partner eye goes big
extrinsic eye muscle - Nystagmus - observe eye movement when following pencil
Redwood forest
coast redwoods
redwoods or red- stemmed sorrel
western azalea
ca. rose bay
P: Brachiopoda = lampshells
Brachiopods, or lamp- shells, are solitary marine animals that inhabit cold water. Until the mid-19th century, they were thought to be mollusks because they are suspension feeders that superficially resemble clams and other bivalve mollusks. Their body is enclosed between two shells and has a mantle and mantle cavity (FIG. 31-21a). However, they dif- fer from bivalve mollusks in that the shells are dorsal and ventral rather than lateral; each shell is symmetrical about the midline, and the two shell valves are typically of unequal size.
Brachiopods attach to the substrate by a long stalk. The action of cilia on the lophophore brings water with suspended food into the slightly opened shell.
animal cell
P: platyhelminthes= flatworms
C: Turbellaria =live planaria
Planarian anatomy
digestive and excretory systems
- eye 2. auricle A. digestive system, tridad
- intestine 4. pharyngeal cavity 5. pharynx
- pharyngeal opening 7. mouth b. excretory system 8. flame cell 9. excretory pore 10. excretory tubule
taste receptors distribution of tongue
solutions test taste and where they feel your touch on their tongue
P: Mollusca
C: Aplacophora
C: Monoplacophora
no shell
1 shell
actinomorphic (radially symmetric)
can be divided into two exact parts, if a line is drawn from one side to the other, reaching from centre, no matter where the line is drawn.
fungi lab
SP: Myriapoda
C: Diplopoda
Subphylum Myriapoda includes class Chilopoda, the centipedes, and class Diplopoda, the millipedes. Members of this subphylum have uniramous (unbranched) appendages and a single pair of antennae.
Berry
Berry (simple fruit) A simple, fleshy fruit in which the fruit wall is soft throughout.
Tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum)
P: Platyhelminthes= flat worms
C: Trematoda = flukes
Schistosoma infrct humans
Parasites with a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts; may require intermediate hosts; adults have suckers for attachment to host.
- adult egg 2. egg 3. fully developed egg 4. miracidium 5. sporocyst 6. redia 7. daughter redia 8. cercaria 9. metacercaria in cyst
simple, Berry: Pepo
The pepo is covered by a rind that is hard and thick. The cucumber, pumpkin and watermelon are good examples of the pepo type of fruit. Below the rind, the the rest of the ovary wall is soft and fleshy. In the photographs above seeds fill the locule of each carpel.
P: Annelida
C: Oligochaeta = earthworm
(the term oligochaete means “few bristles”
Terrestrial and freshwater worms; few setae per segment; lack well-developed head; hermaphroditic
Setae provide traction as the worm moves along by alternating contraction of its longitudinal and circular muscles. In earthworms, setae consist mainly of chitin.
capsule
capsule (simple fruit) a simple dy fruit that splits open along two or more sutures or pores to release its seeds: fruit is formed from ovary that consists of two or more carpels. (iris)
follicle
follicle (simple fruit)
A simple, dry ruit that splits open along one suture to release its seeds: fruit is formed from ovary that consists of a single carpel.
Milkweed (Asciepias syriaca)
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blood human white stain smear
Achene
Achene (simple fruit)
A simple, dry fruit in which the fruit wall is separate from the seed coat.
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)
P: Arthopoda = jointed- feet animals
Phylum Arthropoda is composed of segmented animals with paired, jointed appendages and an armorlike exoskeleton of chitin. Molting is necessary for the arthropod to grow. Arthropods have an open circulatory system with a dorsal heart that pumps hemolymph. Aquatic forms have gills for gas exchange; terrestrial forms have either tracheae or book lungs.
P: Bryozoa = Ectoprocta = moss animals
microscopic aquatic animals. They form sessile colonies by asexual budding. Each colony can consist of millions of individuals and can extend in length up to about 31 cm (about 1 ft). The colonies typically appear plant- like, but some have the appearance of coral.
Caryopsis
Caryopsis (simple fruit)
A simple, dry fruit in which the fruit wall is fused to the seed coat.
Wheat (Triticum)
Nut
Nut (simple fruit)
A simple, dry fruit that
has a stony wall, is usually large, and does not split open at maturity.
Oak (Quercus)
SP: Lophotrochozoa = lophophorates & trochozoans
What puts an animal in this group?
(1) the lophophore, a ciliated ring of tentacles surrounding the mouth in three small groups of animals; and (2) the trochophore larva, a type of larva that characterizes two major groups
Elementary Earthworm life Cycle
Legume
Legume (simple fruit)
A simple, dry fruit that splits open along two sutures to release its seeds; fruit is formed from ovary that consists of a single carpel (green Bean)
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Giant multipolar neuron smear
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Cerebral cortex silver impregnation section
