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Practicum 1 Flashcards

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1
Q
A

Cocci bacteria (spherical prokaryotes) Colorized SEM of Staphylococcus aureus. These bacteria cause skin and wound infections, food poisoning, and toxic shock syndrome.

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2
Q

coccus (pl., cocci)

A

A bacterium with a spherical shape. Compare with bacillus, spirillum, vibrio, and spirochete.

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3
Q

bacillus (pl., bacilli)

A

A rod-shaped bacterium. Compare with coccus, spirillum, vibrio, and spirochete.

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4
Q

spirochete

A

A long, flexible, helical bacterium. Compare with spirillum, vibrio, bacillus, and coccus.

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5
Q

spirillum (pl., spirilla)

A

A long, rigid, helical bacterium. Compare with spirochete, vibrio, bacillus, and coccus.

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6
Q

vibrio.

A

A spirillum (spiral-shaped bacterium) that is shaped like a comma. Compare with spirillum, spirochete, bacillus, and coccus.

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6
Q

Capsule or slime layer

A

(1) The portion of the moss sporophyte that contains spores. (2) A simple, dry, dehiscent fruit that develops from two or more fused carpels and opens along many sutures or pores to release seeds. (3) A gelatinous coat that surrounds some bacteria.

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6
Q

Pili (sing., pilus)

A

Hairlike structures on the surface of many bacteria; function in conjugation or attachment.

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7
Q

fimbriae (sing., fi mbria).

A

Hairlike structures that project from the cell surface of some prokaryotes; help bacteria to adhere to one another and to attach to the surfaces of cells they infect.

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8
Q

Plasmids

A

Small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that carries genes separate from those in the main DNA of a cell.

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9
Q

Binary fission

A

Equal division of a prokaryotic cell into two; a type of asexual reproduction.

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9
Q

Budding

A

Asexual reproduction in which a small part of the parent’s body separates from the rest and develops into a new individual; characteristic of yeasts and certain other organisms.

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10
Q

Conjugation

A

(1) A sexual process in ciliate protists that involves exchange of haploid nuclei with another cell. (2) A mechanism for DNA exchange in bacteria that involves cellto-cell contact.

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11
Q

Sex pili

A

long, hairlike extensions that project from the cell surface.

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12
Q

Autotrophs

A

An organism that synthesizes complex organic compounds from simple inorganic raw materials; also called producer or primary producer. Compare with heterotroph. See chemoautotroph and photoautotroph.

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13
Q

Heterotrophs

A

An organism that cannot synthesize its own food from inorganic raw materials and therefore must obtain energy and body-building materials from other organisms. Also called consumer. Compare with autotroph. See chemoheterotroph and photoheterotroph.

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13
Q

Chemotrophs

A

Organism that uses organic compounds or inorganic substances, such as iron, nitrate, ammonia, or sulfur, as sources of energy. Compare with phototroph. See chemoautotroph and chemoheterotroph.

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13
Q

Phototrophs

A

Organism that uses light as a source of energy. Compare with chemotroph. See photoautotroph and photoheterotroph.

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14
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

An organism that obtains energy from light and synthesizes organic compounds from inorganic raw materials; includes plants, algae, and some bacteria. Compare with photoheterotroph, chemoautotroph, and chemoheterotroph.

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15
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

Organism that obtains energy from inorganic compounds and synthesizes organic compounds from inorganic raw materials; includes some bacteria and many archaea. Compare with photoautotroph, photoheterotroph, and chemoheterotroph.

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16
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

An organism that can carry out photosynthesis to obtain energy but cannot fix carbon dioxide and therefore requires organic compounds as a carbon source; includes some bacteria and archaea. Compare with photoautotroph, chemoautotroph, and chemoheterotroph.

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17
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

Organism that uses organic compounds as a source of energy and carbon; includes animals, fungi, many bacteria, and a few archaea. Compare with photoautotroph, photoheterotroph, and chemoautotroph.

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18
Q

Decomposers

A

Microbial heterotrophs that break down dead organic material and use the decomposition products as a source of energy. Also called saprotrophs or saprobes.

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19
Q

Aerobic

A

Growing or metabolizing only in the presence of molecular oxygen. Compare with anaerobic.

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20
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

An organism capable of carrying out aerobic respiration but able to switch to fermentation when oxygen is unavailable, e.g., yeast. Compare with obligate anaerobe.

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21
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Bacteria that carry out anaerobic respiration; they respire with terminal electron acceptors other than oxygen. (sulfate, nitrate, or iron)

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22
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) by certain bacteria; part of the nitrogen cycle.

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23
Q

Crenarchaeota

A

Consists mainly of extreme thermophiles, archaea that are require a very high temperature or very low temperature for growth.

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24
Q

Euryarchaeota

A

Include many archaea that exhibit extreme environments.

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25
Q

Methanogens

A

a large, diverse group that inhabit oxygen-free environments in sewage, swamps, and the digestive tracts of humans and other animals. They are obligate anaerobes that produce methane gas from simple carbon compounds.

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26
Q

Extreme halophiles

A

heterotrophs that require large amounts of Na+ for their growth. They live in saturated brine solutions such as salt ponds, the Dead Sea, and Great Salt Lake.

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27
Q

Nanoarchaeum

A

a very small (400 nm) anaerobic, extreme thermophile that is now classifi ed as a euryarchaeote.

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28
Q

Rickettsias

A

very small, rod-shaped bacteria.

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28
Q

enterobacteria

A

decomposers that live on decaying plant matter, pathogens, and a variety of bacteria that inhabit humans.

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28
Q

Vibrios

A

Vibrios are mainly marine; some are bioluminescent. Vibrio cholerae causes cholera.

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28
Q

Pseudomonads

A

heterotrophs that produce nonphotosynthetic pigments; cause disease in plants and animals, including humans.

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29
Q

Purple sulfur bacteria

A

Purple sulfur bacteria are photoautotrophs that do not produce oxygen

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30
Q

myxobacteria

A

*(slime bacteria), which secrete slime and glide or creep along.

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31
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Prokaryotic photosynthetic microorganisms that possess chlorophyll and produce oxygen during photosynthesis.

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32
Q

Actinomycetes

A

Superficially resemble fungi. Contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls, lack nuclear envelopes, have other prokaryotic characteristics.

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33
Q

Lactic acid bacteria

A

ferment sugar, producing lactic acid as the main end product. Inhabit decomposing plant material, milk, and other dairy products; responsible for the characteristic taste of yogurt, pickles, sauerkraut, and green olives. Among the normal inhabitants of the human mouth and vagina.

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34
Q

Mycobacteria

A

slender, irregular rods; contain a waxy substance in their cell walls. One species causes tuberculosis; another causes leprosy.

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35
Q

Streptococci

A

inhabit the mouth and digestive tract of humans and some other animals. Among the harmful species are those that cause “strep throat,” dental caries, a form of pneumonia, scarlet fever, and rheumatic fever (see chapter opener).

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36
Q

Clostridia

A

anaerobic. One species causes tetanus; another causes gas gangrene. Clostridium botulinum can cause botulism, an often fatal type of food poisoning

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37
Q

mycoplasmas

A

are a group of very small bacteria that lack cell walls. They may have evolved from bacteria with gram-positive cell walls. They inhabit soil and sewage; some are parasitic on plants or animals. Some inhabit human mucous membranes but do not generally cause disease; one species causes a mild type of bacterial pneumonia in humans.

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38
Q

Chlamydias

A

lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls. They are energy parasites, completely dependent on their hosts for ATP. Infect almost every species of bird and mammal. A strain of Chlamydia causes trachoma, the leading cause of blindness in the world. Sexually transmitted chlamydias are the major cause of pelvic infl ammatory disease (PID) in women.

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39
Q

symbiosis.

A

An intimate relationship between two or more organisms of different species. See commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism.

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40
Q

symbionts

A

The partners in a symbiotic relationship are called symbionts.

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41
Q

parasite

A

A heterotrophic organism that obtains nourishment from the living tissue of another organism (the host).

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42
Q

Biofilms

A

An irregular layer of microorganisms embedded in the slime they secrete and concentrated at a solid or liquid surface.

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43
Q

bioremediation

A

A method to clean up a hazardous waste site that uses microorganisms to break down toxic pollutants, or plants to selectively accumulate toxins.

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44
Q

microbiota

A

(also referred to as microflora)—harmless symbiotic prokaryotes.

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45
Q

Exotoxins

A

A poisonous substance released by certain bacteria. Compare with endotoxin.

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46
Q

Endotoxins

A

A poisonous substance in the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria. Compare with exotoxin.

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47
Q

vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or VRSA

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (SA), referred to as MRSA, and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or VRSA, have been directly linked to the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes by plasmids during conjugation

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48
Q

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (SA), referred to as MRSA,

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (SA), referred to as MRSA, and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or VRSA, have been directly linked to the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes by plasmids during conjugation.

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49
Q

Spirochetes

A

spiral-shaped bacteria with fl exible cell walls; move by means of unique internal fl agella called axial fi laments. Some species are free-living, whereas others form symbiotic associations; a few are parasitic. The spirochete of greatest medical importance is Treponema pallidum, which causes syphilis.

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50
Q
A

Spirochete baceria. Colorized SEM of Borrelia burgdorferi. These spirochetes cause Lyme disease, transmitted by infected ticks.

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51
Q
A

Bacilli bacteria Colorized SEM of Salmonella. These bacilli cause food poisoning.

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52
Q
A

Prokaryote

mixed bacteria

look for 3 morphologies.

mycelium

coccusclusters

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53
Q
A

mixed archaea

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53
Q

What is the grouping of the cell?

A

Prokarote

bacteria

Gram positive

Staphylococcus

S. Aureus

Coccus shape

normally live in the nose & on the skin. opportunistic pathogens that cause disease when the immunity of the host is low.

may cause toxic shock syndrome, food poisoning, causes boils and skn infections

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54
Q

What is the grouping of the cells?

A

Prokaryote

bacteria

Gram positive

Streptococcus

Coccus clusters

Strepto=round chain connection

coccus= shape round

inhabit the mouth & digestive tract of hulmans/animals. some may cause strep throat, dental caries, scarlet fever, form of pneumonia, rheumatic fever

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55
Q
A

Prokaryote

ProteobacteriA

gram negative

Gamma Proteobacteria

E. coli

Colonies on blood agar

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56
Q
A

Prokaryote

Bacteria

Cyanobacteria

gram-negative

Anabaena

a filamentous cyanobacterium that fixes nitrogen

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57
Q
A

Prokaryotes

Bacteria

Cyanobacteria (gram negative)

Oscillatoria (fillaments)

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58
Q
A

Prokaryote

Bacteria

Cyanobacteria

gram negative

Gloeocapsa

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59
Q
A

prokaryote

bacteria

Cyanobacteria

gram negative

Spirulina

protein supplement found in food

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60
Q
A

prokaryote

bacteria

Cyanobacteria

  • gram negative*
  • Microystis*

can make toxins that contaminate water supplies.

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61
Q
A

prokaryote

Bacteria

Cyanobacteria

gram negative

Nitrogen fixing bacteria

Legume nodule cross section

swollen plant cells with pink or gray stained bacteria inside. those are the mutualistic, endosymbiotic, nitrogen-fixing bacteria(genus Rhizobium)

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62
Q
  1. What structure does there name refer to?
  2. why is this group worthwhile learning about?
  3. what cell structure does this name refer to?
  4. what makes this group special versus most other eukaryotes?
  5. How do they move?
  6. How do they get their nutrition?
  7. Why do they seem to watch you?
  8. what can they do to u and how do you get it?
A

Eukaryote

Protists

Supergroup:

  1. Excavata= deep or excavated oral groove (4 feeding)
  2. P: Diplomonada= diplomonads, refers to the 2 nuclei
    * Giardia*

parasitic diplomonad

  1. may have possesed mitochondria los/reduced threw time
  2. unlike other protists excavates have atypical mitochondria.
  3. 8 flagella used for swimming
  4. eat food going threw the digestive systems
  5. their 2 nuclei look like eyes
  6. this organism is a pathogen giardia intestinaalis major cause of water borne diarrhea.
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63
Q
  1. what structure does this name refer to?
  2. what can you get from them and how do u get it?
  3. what ecological role does it play?
  4. what does “trich” mean?
A

Eukaryote

Protists

Supergroup: 1.Excavata= deep or excavated oral groove (4 feeding)

  1. P:Parabasalidsa=parabasalids refers to specialized organelle that is intimately associated w/ basal bodies in the phylum.
  2. trichonympha
  3. lives on the guts of wood eating temites and cockroaches (mutualistic relationship).

Have 100s of flagella. 4. hair

pathogen

  1. Trichomonas (no lab ex) trichomonas vaginalis causes trichomoniasis curable sexual transmitted disease
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64
Q
  1. what structure does this name refer to?
  2. what flagella structure is also unusual?
  3. How do they get their nutrition?
  4. what process did some of these use to become green?
  5. what method of movement do they use?
A

eukaryotic Protsts

Excavates

subgroup of excavates= Discicristates

P: Euglenoids

  • (1) Euglenids eg: Euglena, cell elongate, green in color*
    2. characterizd by unusualflagellum; in addition to the 9+2 arrangement have a crystalline rod in their flagella, function unknown generlly have 2 flagella 1 long and 1 short doesn’textend outside cell.
    3. Autotrophic,some photosynthetic euglenoids lose chlorophyll and obtain nutrients heterotrophically by ingesting organic matter. or phagocytosis

Asexual reproduction by longitudinal cell division starting from the front end of the cell

  1. photosynthesis
  2. pellicle is flexible and helps it changes shape easily eyespot may shield light detectr at at the base of flagellum helping it move to the light of appropriate intensity.
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65
Q
  1. what cell structure does the name refer to?
  2. How do they move?
  3. How do they get their nutrition?
  4. what disease are caused by them?
  5. Do all the members of this taxon cause disease?
A

eukaryotic, protists

Excavates

P: Euglenozoa

  1. Kinetoplastids (aka hemoflagellates) single large mitochondrion w/ its own organized DNA called kinetoplastids.
    * eg: Trypanosoma*
  2. Flagellum tail
  3. parasitic?
  4. african sleeping disease, chagas disease
  5. mostly all
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66
Q
A

Trypanosomas diagram

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67
Q
  1. why is this group worth while learning about?
  2. what cell structure does this name refer to?
  3. what cell structure does this name refer to and what is it used for?
  4. how do the members of this taxon get their nutriion?
  5. what cell structure is unique in this taxon?
A

Eukaryotic Protists

Supergroup: Chromalveolata

  1. (subgroup of Chromalveolata) Alveolates the alveoli, flattened vessicles located in the plasma membrane
  2. Phylum: Ciliata= ciliates the several 1000 cilia used 4 locomotion & some set up water currents that draw food toward them.
  3. up above and mouth oral groove food swept in.
  4. 2 kind of nuclei, diploid micronuclei & polyploid macronuclei, conjugation
    * eg. Paramecium*
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68
Q
  1. How do they move (whats similar/different from the other ciliates you’ve seen?
A

Eukaryotic protists

Supergroup Chromalveolata

Alveolates (subgroup of Chromalveolata)

P: Ciliata

  • eg. Vorticella*
    1. move by flagella tail don’t have 1000s of cilicum as others usually do.
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69
Q
A

Chromalveolata

(subgroup of Chromalveolata)

P: Ciliata

Vorticella

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70
Q
  1. what do these names refer to?
  2. where do they live?
  3. How do they move?
  4. How do they get their nutrition?
  5. What is there economic importance to us?
  6. Why are they called “armored” dinoflagellates?
A

Eukaryotic Protists

Supergroup Chromalveolates

(subgroup of above) Alveolates

  1. P: Dinoflagellates= Pyrrophyta spinning flagellum, (fire, bioluminescence)
    * Perdinium*
  2. some symbiotically w. cnidarians (corals)
  3. flagella beat perpindicular to each other causing a spinnning motion like a motor.
  4. some photosynthetic, heterotrophic, & ingest other microorganisms for food.
  5. producers in marine ecosystem.
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71
Q

why are they called the armored dinoflagellates?

A

Eukaryotic protists

Supergroup Chromalveolates

(subgroup of above) Alveolates

P: Dinoflagellates

eg. Ceratiuim

cellulose plates reinforce cell wall

72
Q
  1. what cell sructure does this name refer to
  2. what other cells do you see on the slide besides ___?
  3. what disease is caused by them and why is it hard to treat?
  4. How do they move?
  5. How do they get their nutrition?
A

eukaryotic protists

supergroup Chromalveolates

(subgroup of above) Alveolates

1/4. P: Apicomplexans lack cell structure for locomotion move by flexing. spore forming alveolates

Plasmodium

merozoites “ring”

  1. Causes malaria, have evolved to resist antibiotics.
  2. You see blood cells
  3. parasitic gets nutrition from its host.
73
Q
  1. What cell structure does this name refer to?
  2. What is the second name mean?
  3. What does this name refer to?
  4. How do they move?
  5. how do they get their nutrition?
  6. What famous human catastrophr was were initiated because of them?
A

eukaryotic protists

supergroup Chromalveolates

  1. (subgroup of above) Stramenopilans= Chromistans, straw flagella
  2. different flagellum (heteroknots)
  3. P: Oomycota= water molds, egg fungi
    * Saprolegina*

refer to lab for labels

  1. tiny biflagellate zoospores form each of which swims about
  2. digest/absorb predigested nutrients.
  3. disaster potatoe story irish potatoe famine
74
Q
  1. what are they thought to be a close relatives to?
  2. How are they different?
  3. How do they move>|?
A

Eukaryotic Protists

Supergroup Chromalveolates

(subgroup of above) Stramenopilans

P: Xanthophyta=yellow-green algae

Vaucheria sessilis

they are coencytic, organisms consisting of multinucleate cell.

75
Q
  1. What do penate vs. centric and valve vs. girdle mean?
  2. Where do they live?
  3. Why have these cells been compared to crystals?
  4. how do they move?
  5. How do they get their nutrition?
A

Ekary. Protists

supergroup Chromalveolates

(subgroup of above) Stramenopilans= Chromistans

P: Bacillariophyta= diatoms

  • Navicula*
    1. long vs stretched/ ?
    2. marines/freshwater
    3. silica is deposited in shell & this glass like material is laid down in intricate patterns.
    4. move by gliding, facilitated by the secretion of a slimy materialfrom a small groove along cell.
    5. photosynthetic
76
Q
A

eukary. protist

supergroupChromalveolates

(subgroup of above) stramenopilans

P: Bacillariophyta= diatoms

Aukacodiscus

asexually by mitosis when a diatom divides the 2 halves of its shell seperate & become larger half of a new diatom shell. because glass cant grow some get smaller and smallerw/ each generation. when 1 reaches fraction of size sexual reprduction occurs w the production of shell less gametes. than restores to original size because zygote a 2n cell that results from binary fusion of n gametes grows alot b4 making a new shell.

77
Q
  1. what does this name refer to?
  2. where do they live?
  3. how do they move?
  4. How do they get their nutrition?
  5. economic importance to us?
A

eukary. protist.

supegroup Chromalveolates

(subgroup of above) stramenopilans

  1. P: Phaeophyta= brown algae, kelps
    * Macrocystis*
  2. cooler marine waters
  3. don’t move
  4. photosynthetic
  5. cell walls provide us w/ algin, used as a thickening agent.
78
Q
A

Chromalveolates

(subgroup of above) stramenopilans

P: Phaeophyta= brown algae

Sargassum

same characteristics as macrocystis

79
Q
A

eukary protists

supergroup Chromalveolates

(subgroup of above) stramenopilans

P: Phaeophyta= brown algae

Postalsia

80
Q
A

Chromalveolates

(subgroup of above) stramenopilans

P: Phaeophyta= brown algae

Zonaria farlowii

81
Q
A

Chromalveolates

(subgroup of above) stramenopilans

P: Phaeophyta= brown algae

Egregia Laevigata

82
Q
  1. what cell structure does this name refer to?
  2. What cell structure does this name refer to?
  3. Where do they live?
  4. How do they move?
  5. How do they get their nutrition?
  6. What does their name refer to?
  7. What kind of home do they live in?
A
  1. (supergroup )Rhizaria threadlike cytoplasmic projections suggest name rhizarian root
  2. P: Actinopoda=actinopods the long fillamentous cytoplasmic projections called axopods.
    * Radiolaran/radiolarian*
  3. marine life

4.

  1. photosynthetic
  2. houses

7.

83
Q
  1. where do they live?
  2. How do they move?
  3. How do they get their nutrition?
  4. How are they sililar to radiolarians?
A

eukary. protist

(supergroup )Rhizaria

P: Foraminifera= foraminiferans= forams

Foraminiferan strew

  1. marines ocean
  2. don’t live on floor or part of plankton
  3. provide nutrients by photosynthesis
  4. important constituents of plankton. thick on ocean floor
84
Q
A

Spergroup Archaeplastida

P: Rhodophyta= red algae

Porphyridium

(red green lil’ circles)

85
Q
A

Spergroup Archaeplastida

P: Rhodophyta= red algae

Porphyra

86
Q
A

Spergroup Archaeplastida

P: Chlorophyta = green algae

C: Chlorophyceae

Chlamydomonas

87
Q
A

Spergroup Archaeplastida

P: Chlorophyta = green algae

C: Chlorophyceae

Pandorina

88
Q
A

Spergroup Archaeplastida

P: Chlorophyta = green algae

C: Chlorophyceae

Volvox

89
Q
A

Spergroup Archaeplastida

P: Chlorophyta = green algae

C: Chlorophyceae

Haematococcus

90
Q
A

Spergroup Archaeplastida

P: Chlorophyta = green algae

C: Ulvophyceae

Ulva

91
Q
A

Spergroup Archaeplastida
P: Chlorophyta = green algae

C: Ulvophyceae

Spirogyra

92
Q
A

Spergroup Archaeplastida
P: Chlorophyta = green algae

C: Ulvophyceae

Spirogyra conjugation

93
Q
A

Supergroup Unikonta

(subgroup of Unikonts) Amoebozoa

P: Gymnamoebae

Amoeba

94
Q
A

Supergroup Unikonta

(subgroup of Unikonts) Amoebozoa

P: Myxomycota= plasmodial slime molds

Stemonitis

95
Q
A

Eukary. plantae (land0

nonvascular Bryophytes

Bryophytes

P: Hepatophyta =liverworts

Non-seeded

gemmae cups

96
Q
A

Non-seeded nonvascular plants

Bryophytes

antheridia

P: Hepatophyta=liverworts

male

97
Q
A

Non-seeded nonvascular plants

Bryophytes

P: Hepatophyta= liverworts

Archegonia

female

98
Q
A

Non-Seed Non Vascular Plants

Bryoohytes

P. Anthocerophyta= hornworts

99
Q

what is the function of this?

A

Non-seeded nonvascular plants

Bryophytes

P: Hepatophyta=liverworts

Sporophytes

spores

100
Q
A

Seedless vascular plants

Phylum Lycophyta= lycopods

club mosses

Lycopodium

101
Q
A

Seedless Vascular Plants

  • P: Pterophyta= ferns*
  • Equisetum*= horsetail
102
Q
A

Seedless Vascular Plants

P: ferns

Equisetum= horsetail

103
Q

Cyanobacteria anabaena

A

Cyanobacteria Anabaena

104
Q

Measurement and biometry

Lab 1

standard deviation=s=deviation from the mean= is a statistic that describes the accuracy of ur sample as a true representation of the entire population. calculated by taking the square root of the variance.

If there is a “normal” distribution then the {sample mean + the standard deviation} provides a range in which there is a 2/3 chance that the true population mean will be included.
And the {sample mean + twice the standard deviation} provides a range in which there is a 20 to 1 chance that the true population mean will be included.
And the {sample mean + three times the standard deviation} provides a range in which there is a 100 to 1 chance that the true population mean will be included.

A

dependent variable= y-axis= # (how many)

independent variable= x-axis= length

best graph to use= bar

normal distribution= bell shaped curve

mode = the category or measurement containing the largest # of organsims

arithmetic mean = “ avg.” ( x w/ bar over it)

median= the value of the measurement or observation which has an equal # of observations to either side

Variance or mean square (s^2) is a statistic that describes the dispersion on each side of the mean.

105
Q
A

basic leaf form

palmately compound

e. leaflets
d. petiole

106
Q
A

basic leaf type

Even pinnately compound

e leaflets

107
Q
A

basic leaf form

Odd pinnately compound

e leaflets

108
Q
A

basic leaf form

pinnately lobed

109
Q
A

basic leaf form

parallel venation

110
Q
A

basic leaf form

Netted venation

111
Q
A

basic leaf form

palmately lobed

112
Q
A

leaf bases

  1. Acuminate
  2. acute
  3. rounded
  4. truncate
113
Q
A

leaf bases

  1. cordate
  2. hastate
  3. sagittate
  4. auriculate
114
Q
A

leaf bases

  1. olique
  2. stipulate
  3. sessile
  4. clasping
115
Q
A

leaf bases

  1. perfoliate
  2. connate
  3. peltate
116
Q
A

leaf tips

  1. acuminate
  2. acute
  3. obtuse
  4. caudate
  5. aristate
  6. cuspidate
117
Q
A

leaf tips

  1. mucronate
  2. truncate
  3. retuse
  4. emarginate
  5. obcordate
118
Q
A

leaf shapes

  1. acicular
  2. subulate
  3. linear
  4. lanceolate
  5. oblanceolate
  6. spatulate
119
Q
A

leaf shapes

  1. obcordate
  2. cordate
  3. hastate
  4. sagittate
120
Q
A

leaf shapes

  1. reniform
  2. deltoid
  3. orbiculate
121
Q
A

leaf margins

  1. oblong
  2. elliptical
  3. oval
  4. ovate
  5. obovate
  6. cuneate
122
Q
A

leaf margins

  1. entire
  2. serrulate
  3. serrate
  4. doubly serrate
  5. dentrate
  6. crenate
123
Q
A

leaf margins

  1. undulate
  2. sinuate
  3. lobed
  4. incised
124
Q

intro to microscope

lab #2

what is the slide an image of?

A

compound microscope

stage- were specimen sits

mechanical stage- movable convinient 4 manipulation

coarse focus adjustement- ouuter knob moves stage up and down

fine focus adjustement- small outter knob, moves stage in similar manner as above

diopter- customize focus for eyes

Tilia slide

125
Q
A

thin section of a cork

126
Q
A

desmids

127
Q

Prokaryotes

lab #3

One large and diverse phylum of bacteria are the Cyanobacteria. these organisms can do some unusual biochemistry/ among the largest cells in the prokaryotes.

contain chlorophyl a only prokaryotes to carry on photosynthesis that generate oxygen. inhabit ponds lakes swimming pools moist soil dead logs tree bark.

A

..

128
Q
A

Prokaryote

bacteria

Cyanobacteria

gram negative

Oscillatoria

129
Q
A

bacterial forms

flagellated types

Amphitrichous

130
Q
A

bacillus with endospores

131
Q
A

bacillus (fusi form)

132
Q
A

bacillus single

133
Q
A

bacillus rods in chain

134
Q
A

bacillus single

135
Q
A

prokaryote form

coccus chain

136
Q
A

prokaryote types

coccus (singles, pairs, tetrads, clusters)

137
Q
A

bacteria forms

coccus tetrads

138
Q
A

bacterial forms

coccus single

139
Q
A

bacterial forms

diplococcus (pair)

140
Q
A

prokaryote types

blue green algae

Gloecapse (encapsulated oval within a glob)

141
Q
A

bacterial forms

flagellated types

peritrichous

142
Q
A

bacterial forms

flagellated types

lophotrichous

143
Q
A

prokaryote type

blue green algae

merismopedia (sheet within a matrix)

144
Q
A

bacterial form

flagellated types

monotrichous

145
Q
A

prokaryote type

mycelium (Actinomycetes)

146
Q
A

prokaryote type

green algae

Oscillatoria (fillament)

147
Q
A

proaryote type

spirals

148
Q
A

bacterial forms

spirillium

149
Q
A

bacterial form

spirillium

150
Q
A

prokaryote types

spirochaetes

151
Q
A

prokaryote type

square shaped (haloarcula)

152
Q
A

bacterial form

staphylococcus

153
Q
A

bacterial form

streptobacillus (chain)

154
Q
A

bacterial form streptococcus (chain)

155
Q
A
  1. binary fission
  2. sexual reproduction

2-3 fertilization

  1. planozygote

3-4-5meiosis 2N

  1. hypozygote
  2. planomeiocyte 1N

dinoflagellates can have verry complicated life cycles some species have over 10 different stages known but cells are usually haploid.

156
Q
A

asexually by mitosis when a diatom divides the 2 halves of its shell seperate & become larger half of a new diatom shell. because glass cant grow some get smaller and smallerw/ each generation. when 1 reaches fraction of size sexual reprduction occurs w the production of shell less gametes. than restores to original size because zygote a 2n cell that results from binary fusion of n gametes grows alot b4 making a new shell.

157
Q
A

chlamydomonas life cycle

158
Q
A

Amoeba anatomy

159
Q
A

physarum plasmodium

160
Q
A

Non seed Plants

Non vascular plants

Bryophytes

P: Bryophyta= mosses

life cycle

161
Q
A

Non seed Plants

Non vascular

Bryophytes

P: Hepatophyta= liverworts

close up mature sporophyte

162
Q
A

Non seed Plants

Non vascular

Bryophytes

P: Anthocerophyta= hornworts

163
Q
A

Seedless vascular plants

P: Lycophyta = lycopods

club moss:

Lycopodium life cycle

164
Q
A

Seedless vascular plants

P: Lycophyta = lycopods

spike moss:

Selaginella life cycle

165
Q
A

Seedless vascular plants

P: Pterophyta= ferns

life cycle

166
Q
A

seed Vascular plants 2 extinct phyla

  1. progymnosperm Archaeopteris
  2. Pteridosperm/seed fern Williamsonia
167
Q

1.How will u reconize one in the future?

A

seed Vascular plants

P: Cyadophyta

  1. have cones

only 9 genera in this group.

168
Q
A

seed Vascular plants

P: Coniferophyta

169
Q
A

seed Vascular plants

P: Ginkgophyta

Ginkgo Bilboa

only 1 living species

170
Q
A

coniferophyta life cycle

171
Q
A
  1. Welwittschia large shrub Namib desert only 1 species
  2. Gnetum: trees/shrubs/vines

tropical

3.Ephedra: shrubs dry areas of the world

172
Q
A

P: Anthophyta = angiosperms= flowering plants

173
Q
A

Dicot

  1. Root
    a. vascular tissue
  2. seed
    a. cotyledon
    b. epicotyl
    c. hypocotyl
174
Q
A

Monocot

  1. Stem (cross section)
    b. herbaceous
175
Q
A

monocot

  1. flower
    a. petal
    b. sepal
  2. leaf
    b. leaf sheath
176
Q
A

dicot

  1. leaf
    a. petiole
  2. flower
    a. petal
    b. sepal
    c. pistil
    d. stamen
  3. stem (cross section)

A. woody a. cambium B a. cambium b. vascular bundle c. pith

177
Q
A

4.fernspirogyra j. spore m. gametophyte g. male gamet. h. s[erm i. sorus

178
Q
A
  1. spirogyra a. conjugation tube b. migrating chloroplast c. zygote d. germination
179
Q
A

2.

e. female gametophyte f. male gamet. g. sperm h. egg in archegonium i. sporophyte j. spore

180
Q
A
  1. moss
    e. female gametophyte
    f. male gametophyte
    g. sperm
    h. egg in archegonium
    i. sporophyte
    j. spore
    k. embryo
181
Q
A
  1. equisetum
    i. sporophyte
    n. strobilus
    j. spore
    f. male gametophyte
    e. female gametophyte
    g. sperm
    h. egg in archegonium
    m. gametophyte
182
Q
A
  1. pine s. ovulate strobilus u. ovale at fertilization
    f. male gametophyte t. pollen
    k. embryo
    v. seed
    w. seeding
    i. sporophyte
    r. staminate strobilus
183
Q
A
  1. selaginella i. sporophyte n. strobilus
    o. microsporangium
    p. megaspore
    g. sperm
    p. megaspore
    i. sorus q. sporeling
184
Q
A
  1. Zamia s. ovulate strobilus r.staminate stobilus f.male gametophyte t.pollen u. ovale at fertilization k. embryo
    v. seed
    i. sporophyte
    w. seeding
185
Q
A
  1. lilly
    i. sporophyte
    x. flower
    f. male gametophyte
    t. pollen
    y. mega gametophyte
    k. embryo
    z. double fertilization
    w. seeding
186
Q
A
187
Q
A
188
Q
A
189
Q
A

Biology (30 decks)

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