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Physiology > Practicum 1 > Flashcards

Practicum 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Give the structure and function of plasm (cell membrane)

A

Membrane composed of double layer of phospholipids in which proteins are embedded. Gives form to cell and controls passage of materials into and out of cell.

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2
Q

Give the structure and function of cytoplasm

A

Fluid, jellylike substance between teh cell membrane and the nucleus in which organelles are suspended. Serves as matrix substance in which chemical reactions occur

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3
Q

Give the structure and function of endoplasmic reticulum

A

System of interconnected membrane-forming canals and tubules. Agranular (smooth) endoplasmic reticulum metabolizes nonpolar compounds and stores CA2+ in striated muscle cells, granular (rough) endoplasmic reticulum assists in protein synthesis

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4
Q

Give the structure and function of ribosomes

A

Granular particles composed of protein and RNA. Synthesiszes proteins

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5
Q

Give the structure and function of the golgi complex

A

Cluster of flattened membranous sacs. Synthesizes carbohydrates and packages molecules for secretion, secretes lipids and glycoproteins

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6
Q

Give the structure and function of mitochondria

A

Membranous sacs with folded inner partitions. Release energy from food molecules and transform energy into usable ATP

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7
Q

Give the structure and function of lysosomes

A

Membranous sacs. Digest foreign molecules and worn and damaged organelles

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8
Q

Give the structure and function of peroxisomes

A

Spherical membranous vesicles. Contain enzymes that detoxify harmful molecules and break down hydrogen peroxide.

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9
Q

Give the structure and function of centrosome.

A

Nonmembranous mass of two rodlike centrioles. Helps to organize spindle fibers and distribute chromosomes during mitosis.

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10
Q

Give the structure and function of vacuoles.

A

Membranous sacs. Store and release various substances within the cytoplasm.

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11
Q

Give the structure and function of microfilaments and microtubules

A

Support cytoplasm and transport materials within the cytoplasm

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12
Q

Give the structure and function of cilia and flagella

A

Minute cytoplasmic projections that extend from the cell surface. Move particles along cell surface or move the cell

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13
Q

Give the structure and function of nuclear envelope

A

Double-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus, composed of protein and lipid molecules. Supports nucleus and controls passage of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm.

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14
Q

Give the structure and function of the nucleolus

A

Dense nonmembranous mass composed of protein and RNA molecules. Produces ribosomal RNA for ribosomes

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15
Q

Give the structure and function of chromatin

A

Fibrous strands composed of protein and DNA. Contains genetic code that determines which proteins (including enzymes) will be manufactured by the cell.

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16
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

The nuclear membrane disappears; spindles appear

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17
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell

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18
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Duplicated chromoses separate and are pulled toward the centrioles.

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19
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

Chromosomes elongate into chromatin threads; nuclear membranes and nucleoli reappear – telophase

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20
Q

What is simple squamous epithelium, what is its function and where can you find it?

A

Single layer of flattened, tightly bound cells; diffusion and filtration. Capillary walls; pulmonary alveoli of lungs; covering visceral organs; linings of body cavities.

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21
Q

What is simple cuboidal epithelium, what is its function and where can you find it?

A

Single layer of cube-shaped cells; excretion, secretion, absorption. Found on surface of ovaries; linings of kidney tubules, salivary ducts, and pancreatic ducts.

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22
Q

What is simple columnar epithelium, what is its function and where can you find it?

A

Single layer of nonciliated, tall, column-shaped cells; protection, secretion, and absorption. Lining of most of digestive tract.

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23
Q

What is simple ciliated columnar epithelium, what is its function and where can you find it?

A

Single layer of ciliated, column-shaped cells; transportive role through ciliary motion. Lining of uterine tubes.

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24
Q

What is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, what is its function and where can you find it?

A

Single layer of ciliated, irregularly shaped cells; many goblet cells; protection, secretion, ciliary movement. Lining of respiratory passageways.

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25
Q

What is stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized), what is its function and where can you find it?

A

Numerous layers containing keratin, with outer layers falttened and dead; protection. Epidermis of skin.

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26
Q

What is stratified squamous epithelium (nonkeratinized), what is its function and where can you find it?

A

Numerous layers lacking keratin, with outer layers moistened and alive; protection and pliability. Epidermis of skin. Linings of oral and nasal cavities, vagina, and anal canal

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27
Q

What is stratified cuboidal epithelium, what is its function and where can you find it?

A

Usually two layers of cube-shaped cells; strengthening of luminal walls. Large ducts of sweat glands, salivary glands and pancreas

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28
Q

What is tissue?

A

An aggregation of cells that are similar in structure and that work together to perform a specialized activity

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29
Q

What is an organ?

A

Groups of tissues integrated to perform one or more common functions to constitue organs

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30
Q

What is the most common characteristic of connective tissues?

A

Large amounts of extracellular material between different types of connective tissue cells.

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31
Q

What are two examples of dense connective tissue

A

Tendons and ligaments

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32
Q

What is the connective tissue of the dermis classified as?

A

Dense irregular

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33
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

The articular surface of bones, trachea, bronchi, nose, and costal cartilages

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34
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Pubic symphisis and between vertebrae

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35
Q

Where is smooth muscle tissue found?

A

Walls of blood vessels

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36
Q

What is the difference between the epithelium of the skin and the epithelium of the intestine?

A

The epithelium of the skin is stratified and serves to protect and be flexible while the epithelium of the intestine is comprised of a single layer of cuboidal cells and serves to protect, secrete, and absorb

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37
Q

Compare and contrast skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle?

A

Skeletal muscle is striated and muscle fibers are arranged into bundles. Within the bundles the fibers extend parallel to each other, this allows for controlled movement. Cardiac muscle is also striated and is only found in the heart. The myocardial cells are short, branched and interconnected. Special areas of contact are intercalated discs. Cardiac muscle cannot produce a graded contraction, unlike skeletal muscle.

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38
Q

Predict what kind of muscle the tongue and diaphragm is composed of.

A

Skeletal muscle, which is striated. Skeletal muscle has graded contraction, which the tongue and diaphragm are both capable of

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39
Q

What kind of tissue would you expect to have within the pancreas and liver?

A

Blood vessels and nerves travel in connective tissue because the extracellular matrix provides space for these vessels and nerves to embed. One would not expect strands of connective tissue within the pancreas and liver because those organs have absorption functions. Therefore, they would most likely be composed of epithelial tissue with exocrine glands, not connective tissue.

40
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The dynamic constancy of the internal environment, the maintenance of which is the principle function of physiological regulatory mechanisms.

41
Q

What is set-point?

A

The normal value of body function; the point in which integrating center detects significant changes from

42
Q

What is positive and negative feedback?

A

When the action of the effector amplifies the changes that stimulated the effectors. On the other hand, in negative feedback the action of the effector strives to decrease the change that stimulated the effector. Examples of poisitive feedback in the body include blood clotting and the contractions of the uterus during childbirth

43
Q

In the toluene experiment, what happened when toluene was mixed with water, then KMnO4, then vegetable oil, then detergent?

A

Toulene and water – toulene on top, water on bottom
Add KMnO4 – toulene on top, water + KMnO4 (purple)on the bottom
Add vegetable oil - toulene on top, veggie oil in the middle, water + KMnO4 on the bottom
Add detergent - toulene on top, veggie oil in the upper middle, detergent in lower middle, water + KMnO4 on the bottom

44
Q

How do you calculate molality?

A

Take solution concentration and multiply by molecular weight

45
Q

How do you calculate osmolality?

A

the amount of ions in soluction, glucose=1 but NaCl=2

46
Q

How do you calculate milliosmolality

A

Multiply osmolality by 1000

47
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The net diffusion of water across a membrane

48
Q

What is osmotic pressure

A

When more highly concentrated solutions have a greater osmotic pressure, which is the ability of a solution to “pull in” water from another solution separated by a semipermeable membrane

49
Q

What is isotonic solution

A

When the concentration of an osmotically active solute is the same on both sides of the semipermeable membrane.

50
Q

What happens to red blood cells in a hypertonic solution? What is a hypertonic solution? How do you get hypertonic urine?

A

They will shrink. It is when the concentration is higher than the previous and water will be drawn to a hypertonic solution. Drink water so that the body conserves it.

51
Q

In the molasses experiment, what was the osmotic agent?

A

Sugar, because it is soluble in water and allows water to cross the membrane into the solution.

52
Q

Why doesn’t seawater quench the stranded dude’s thirst?

A

Seawater is hypertonic in comparison to the water in his blood.

53
Q

Why can we use salt to preserve meat?

A

The salt dehydrates the meat because the H20 molecules are drawn to the NaCl of the salt

54
Q

For Alpha waves, what is the frequency range, the best environment to observe the wave, and the location of the brain involved?

A

8-13 Hz Active, relaxed brain. Frontal/parietal

55
Q

For Beta waves, what is the frequency range, the best environment to observe the wave, and the location of the brain involved?

A

13-30 Hz. Visual stimulation, mental activity. Frontal

56
Q

For Theta waves, what is the frequency range, the best environment to observe the wave, and the location of the brain involved?

A

1-5 Hz During sleep, in children. Occipital/temporal

57
Q

For Delta waves, what is the frequency range, the best environment to observe the wave, and the location of the brain involved?

A

4-8 Hz. Deep sleep. Cerebral cortex.

58
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

A chemical released by an axon

59
Q

When can an EPSP be released?

A

When binding of the previously-named chemical to its receptor in the postsynaptic membrane may produce a depolarization (EPSP)

60
Q

When can an IPSP be released?

A

When different chemicals released by axons produce a hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane; the hyperpolarization is in IPSP

61
Q

What is the difference between action potentials and synaptic potentials?

A

Action potentials are all-or-none; synaptic potentials are graded responses.

62
Q

What does an EEG record?

A

The neural activity as the extracellular potential difference increases, usually fluctuating between 50 and 1000 millionths of a volt. An EEG can read alpha, beta, theta and delta waves.

63
Q

What happens during hyperventilation when taking an EEG?

A

CO2 is removed from the blood which produces a higher pH concentration and therefore results in fluctuations in brain waves recorded by EEG.

64
Q

Describe the process of the knee-jerk test

A
  1. Striking patellar ligament stretches tendon and quadriceps femoris muscle. Spindle is stretched, activating sensory neuron. Sensory neuron activates alpha motorneuron. Alpha motorneuron stimulates extrafusal muscle fibers to contract.
65
Q

What are afferent and efferent neurons and where are they found in spinal nerves?

A

Afferent-sensory to CNS, found ventral root of spinal nerves.
efferent are motor and away from CNS, dorsal root of spinal nerves.

66
Q

What are muscle spindles?

A

Receptors sensitive to the stretch reflex. Composed of several specialized thin muscle fibers (intrafusal fibers)

67
Q

What nerve is being tested in the biceps jerk?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

68
Q

What nerve is being tested in the triceps jerk?

A

Radial nerve

69
Q

What nerve is being tested in the knee jerk?

A

Femoral nerve

70
Q

What nerve is being tested in the ankle jerk?

A

Medial popliteal nerve

71
Q

How can a person have muscle spasms below the level of injury?

A

Certain tracts extend below the level at which the neurons are connected to the spinal cord. Like pyramidal motor tracts

72
Q

Describe the structure, sensation, and location of free nerve endings

A

Unmyelinated dendrites of sensory neurons. Light touch; hot; cold; pain. Around hair follicles, throughout skin

73
Q

Describe the structure, sensation, and location of Merkel’s discs

A

Expanded dendritic endings, sustained touch and pressure. Base of epidermis (stratum basal)

74
Q

Describe the structure, sensation, and location of ruffini corpuscles

A

Enlarged dendritic endings with open, elongated capsule. Sustained pressure. Deep in dermis and hypodermis.

75
Q

Describe the structure, sensation, and location of Meissner’s corpuscles

A

Dendrites encapsulated in connective tissue. Changes in texture, slow vibrations. Upper dermis (papillary layer)

76
Q

Describe the structure, sensation, and location of Pacinian corpuscles.

A

Dendrites encapsulated by concentric lamellae of connective tissue structures. Deep pressure; fast vibrations. Deep in dermis.

77
Q

Where are the motor cortex and sensory cortex located in the brain?

A

Motor cortex-precentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex, sensory-postcentral gyrus

78
Q

What are examples of sense that adapt quickly and slowly?

A

Smell-quickly, pain-slowly

79
Q

What is an example of referred pain?

A

Angina pectoris

80
Q

Why is referred pain important?

A

It is important for the diagnosis of deep visceral pain because the receptor organs are sensory transducers and change environmental stimuli into afferent nerve impulses. Therefore examples of this would be stomach pains or getting punched in the eye and seeing stars.

81
Q

What photoreceptors are responsible for color vision and how many types are there?

A

Cones-3

82
Q

What is the region of the retina in which there are no photoreceptors?

A

The optic disc, or the blind spot

83
Q

Where is retinene derived from?

A

Vitamin A1

84
Q

What makes up the optic nerve?

A

The axons of ganglion cells.

85
Q

What is visual acuity?

A

Sharpness of vision or clarity of vision, while accomodation is the ability of the eye to focus the images of objects at different distances from the lens

86
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

Loss of lens elasticity

87
Q

What are all of the precursurs for retinine? What is retinine?

A

Carotene is the precursor of Vitamin A which is a precursor of retinene, a pigment part of rhodopsin

88
Q

What is rhodopsin?

A

Needed for excitation of rods and good vision under low light. Eating carrots can improve night vision if a person is deficient in Vitamin A. It has no effect on shape of eyeball and will not help blurred vision.

89
Q

What is the middle of the middle chamber of the cochlea called?

A

Cochlear duct

90
Q

Where are sensory hair cells located?

A

On the basilar membrane in the cochlea

91
Q

What is the spiral organ of Corti?

A

The sensory structure of the inner ear responsible for transducing vibrations into nerve impulses.

92
Q

What is otosclerosis?

A

immobilization of the stapes in the middle ear and therefore could result in deafness when the Rinne’s and Weber’s tests are performed. Rinne is placed on bone while Weber is louder in ear with otosclerosis

93
Q

What is the organ of equilibrium?

A

The vestibular apparatus

94
Q

What are semicircular canals?

A

Structures sensitive to angular accelration in three places

95
Q

What are the otolith organs?

A

Utricle and saccule. Sensitive to linear acceleration.

96
Q

What is the fluid within the organs of equilibrium known as?

A

Endolymph

Physiology (5 decks)

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