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Practice Tests Flashcards

1
Q

Degrees of Unsaturation in Single Bonds

A

0

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2
Q

Degrees of Unsaturation in a Ring

A

1

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3
Q

Degrees of Unsaturation in a Double Bond

A

1

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4
Q

Degrees of Unsaturation in a Triple Bond

A

2

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5
Q

First Overtone= ___ Harmonic

A

2nd

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6
Q

Second Overtone= ____ Harmonic

A

3rd

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7
Q

General Definition of a Salt

A

any ionic substances that do not have OH- or H+ as ions

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8
Q

Histone Acetylation

A

addition of an acetyl group on lysine residues in the N-terminal tail and on the surface of the nucleosome core of histone proteins to open up and increase transcription (deacetylation does opposite)

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9
Q

Agonists/Antagonists bind the: ____

A

receptor

NOT the ligand

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10
Q

If blood pH is too low, your respiratory rate:

A

Increases and blows off more CO2

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11
Q

If blood pH is too high, your respiratory rate:

A

Slows

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12
Q

If blood pH is too low, your kidneys:

A

excrete more H+, and reabsorb H2CO3

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13
Q

If blood pH is too high, your kidneys

A

excrete more H2CO3, and reabsorb more H+

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14
Q

Gap Junctions

A

connections between the cytoplasm between adjacent cells

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15
Q

Umbilical Arteries

A

carry blood away from the fetus to the placenta, with waste and deoxygenated blood

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16
Q

Umbilical Vein

A

carry blood to the fetus from the placenta, with oxygenated blood and nutrients

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17
Q

Macrophages do three things:

A

phagocytize invaders via endocytosis
digests invader using enzymes
presents pieces of invader using MHC I

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18
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

detect down regualtion of MHC and induce apoptosis in the infected and cancerous cells

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19
Q

Granulocytes Include:

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils/Mast Cells

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20
Q

Mast Cells are Found in:

A

tissues, mucosa, epithelium

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21
Q

B-Cells

A

produce antibodies and work via humoral immunity

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22
Q

Helper T-Cells

A

coordinate immune response by responding to MHC II molecules

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23
Q

Cytotoxic T-Cells

A

directly kill cells that are displaying MHC I molecules

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24
Q

Suppressor T-Cells

A

tone down response once infection has been contained

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25
Q

Cofactors

A

small inorganic molecules or metal ions (often minerals)

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26
Q

Coenzymes

A

organic groups, usually vitamins/vitamin derivatives

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27
Q

What element phase is not included in the Ksp equaiton

A

solids

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28
Q

Common Ion Effect

A

solubility of the reaction is reduced by a common ion, therefore reducing Ksp

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29
Q

Electrons that are further away from the nucleus experience an effective nuclear charge that is:

A

less than the actual nuclear charge (sheilding)

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30
Q

Shielding

A

refers to the core electrons repelling the outermost electrons, which lowers the effective nuclear charge of the outer electrons

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31
Q

Powerful Nucleophiles favour

A

SN2 reactions

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32
Q

Weaker Nucleophiles favour

A

SN1 reactions

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33
Q

Characteristics of SN2 Reactions

A 
single step
strong nucleophile
inversion of configuration
bimolecular transition state
prefers methyl>primary alcohol>secondary>tertiary
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34
Q

Characteristics of SN1 Reactions

A 
two steps
weak nucleophile
racemic mixture
carbocation formation
prefers tertiary alcohol> secondary>primary>methyl
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35
Q

ETC: Complex 1

A

NADH transfers electrons

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36
Q

ETC: Complex 2

A

FADH2 transfers electrons

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37
Q

ETC: Complex 3

A

Q collects electrons form C1 and C2 to pump H ions across the membrane

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38
Q

ETC: Complex 4

A

cytochrome c carries electrons to C4 and final H+ is pumped across and passed to O2

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39
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

collection of axonal projections from hypothalamus and serves as a direct connection to CNS

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40
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

controls fight of flight response hormones, direct connection to ANS

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41
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

RBC and WBC production

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42
Q

Yellow Bone Marrow

A

adipose tissue storage

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43
Q

Ig Antibody structure

A

globular proteins with two identical light chains and 2 identical heavy chains (50kDa)

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44
Q

Hills Coefficient

A

1= independent binding

Above 1 = cooperativity

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45
Q

Chelating Agents

A

ligands that are able to form two or more coordinate covalent bonds with a metal ion (often have a coordination number of 6)

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46
Q

Competitive Inhibition

A

Inhibitor binds to active site, and to overcome it more substrate can be added. On a plot the lines intersect at the y-axis. No effect on Vmax, increases Km.

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47
Q

Non-Competitive Inhibition

A

Inhibitor binds to allosteric site, cannot be overcome by adding more substrate. On a plot the lines originate from the same point on the X-axis. Vmax is reduced, Km not changed.

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48
Q

Uncompetitive Inhibition

A

Inhibitor binds to the enzyme substrate complex once it is formed so that it cannot release the product. It appears as parallel lines on a plot. Vmax and Km are reduced.

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49
Q

Higher Frequency=

A

lower wavelength

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50
Q

More Visible Light is a result of:

A

more delocalization, causing higher wavelengths to be absorbed

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51
Q

Normal force comes from

A

the object that it is resting on

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52
Q

Normal force counteracts

A

force of gravity (mass x g)

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53
Q

Osmotic Pressure Formula

A

pi = iMRT

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54
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

occurs when two solutions with different concentrations are separated by a membrane

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55
Q

Higher osmotic pressure comes from

A

increase in temperature or concentration

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56
Q

Germ cells begin as haploid or diploid?

A

haploid

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57
Q

After chromosomes are replicated in S-phase, cells are haploid or diploid?

A

diploid

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58
Q

Cells return to haploid after?

A

fertilization

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59
Q

Primary protein structure is stabilized by:

A

peptide bonds

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60
Q

Secondary protein structure is stabilized by:

A

hydrogen bonds and backbone structure

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61
Q

Tertiary protein structure is stabilized by:

A

hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals interactions, and disulfide bridges

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62
Q

Quaternary protein structure is stabilized by:

A

hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals interactions, and disulfide bridges

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63
Q

Solvation Shell in Proteins:

A

helps to further stabilize protein structures by orienting positive residues on the outside in the body so they can interact with water

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64
Q

Myofibrils are made up of:

A

thin actin filaments and thick myosin filaments

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65
Q

Actin filaments are anchored at the

A

Z-Line

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66
Q

The region between Z lines is

A

the sarcomere (contractile unit)

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67
Q

Myosin cross bridges attach to actin and walk along them using the assistance of

A

ATP

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68
Q

Doubling time equation

A

P(t) = Po (2) ^ t/D

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69
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Molecules move down their gradient and cross the membrane unassisted

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70
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Molecules move down their gradient and cross the membrane with assistance from a membrane transport channel

71
Q

Glycogenesis

A

formation of glycogen from glucose

72
Q

Glycolysis

A

break down of glucose to pyruvate

73
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

production of glucose from non carbohydrate precursors

74
Q

Gluconeogenesis starting materials

A

lactate, pyruvate, glycerol and some amino acids

75
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

76
Q

Fermentation

A

starts with glycolysis, and extra reactions let NADH drop off electrons with organic molecules (like pyruvate) which creates lactate which can be regenerated to pyruvate at the liver

77
Q

Chelating Agents

A

ligands that are able to form two or more coordinate covalent bonds with a metal ion

78
Q

Higher frequency wave=

A

lower wavelength

79
Q

In order for there to be light in the visible region a molecule must contain:

A

either pi bonds or atoms with non bonding orbitals

80
Q

increase in wavelength absorption is proportional to

A

increase in electron delocalization in a molecule

81
Q

Ideal gas constant

A
  1. 08 atm x L / mol x K

8. 3 J / mol x K

82
Q

Ideal Gas Law Assumes:

A

no intermolecular forces
no volume of particles
all collisions are perfectly elastic

83
Q

Normal Force

A

the force from the object that the object of interest is sitting on that directly counteracts Fg

84
Q

Gas Chromatography

A

Mobile Phase: inert gas
Stationary Phase: solid or liquid
Separates by: any property differing from the mobile phase

85
Q

High Performance Liquid Chromatography

A

Mobile Phase: mixture of polar and non polar liquid components
Stationary Phase: if more polar than the mobile phase it is a normal phase (less polar=less retention), and if it is less polar than the mobile phase it is a reverse phase (less polar=more retention)

86
Q

Paper Chromatography

A

Mobile Phase: non polar
Stationary Phase: paper, aka: cellulose, polar
Separates by: polarity (charge) nonpolar molecules travel farther, polar molecules

87
Q

Thin-Layer Chromatography

A

Stationary Phase: silica gel, very polar

Compounds that can form H bonds with the stationary phase do not travel far

88
Q

Electrophoresis

A

uses an electric field applied across a gel matrix that can separate large molecules by charge and size

89
Q

Isoelectric focusing alters the

A

pH

90
Q

SDS PAGE alters the

A

charge

91
Q

Size Exclusion Chromatography

A

separates molecules by size, small molecules get trapped in pores and proceed slower

92
Q

Ion Exchange Chromatography

A

separates ionizable molecules based on charge

93
Q

Affinity Chromatography

A

separates mixture based on specific interaction

94
Q

Enantiomers are separated using

A

another chiral substance

95
Q

In an extraction the aqueous phase contains

A

water and charges particles

96
Q

In an extraction the organic phase contains

A

uncharged species and neutral compounds

97
Q

Simple Distilation

A

best for very different boiling points

98
Q

Fractional Distilation

A

addition of a fractioning column, and can be used for liquids with closer boiling points

99
Q

Vacuum Distilation

A

addition of a vacuum, used for liquids with very high boiling points

100
Q

Velocity of Blood Flow

A

varies inversely with the total cross sectional area of the vessels

101
Q

pH Units

A

vary by factors of 10

102
Q
  • Beta decay
A

loss of a negative charged electron

103
Q

+ beta decay

A

loss of a positive charges electron

104
Q

Chaperone Proteins

A

assist with protein folding and prevent non-specific aggregation by binding to non-native proteins

105
Q

NAD name

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

106
Q

FADH name

A

flavin adenine dinucleotide

107
Q

Steroid Structure

A

4 fused rings, 3 that are 6 membered, 1 that is 5 membered

108
Q

Acetyl CoA is created via:

A

beta oxidation of fatty acids
oxidation of pyruvate
proteolysis followed by deamination and oxidation of amino acids

109
Q

Acetyl CoA creates:

A

sterols, fatty acids, TCA cycle, ketone bodies, protein acetylation

110
Q

Endomembrane System

A

group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package and transport proteins and lipids

111
Q

ABC Transporters

A

use the energy of ATP binding and hydrolysis to transport various substrates across the membrane

112
Q

Chemiosmisis

A

process of pumping protons through the ETC at the mitochondrial membrane and ATP synthase creating ATP from ADP

113
Q

Filtration of Blood in Kidney

A

occurs in the glomerulus and what cannot be filtered enters the efferent arteriole

114
Q

Reabsorption in Kidney

A

reabsorbing the needed nutrients and substances into the blood and passing the fluid onto the ureter

115
Q

Secretion in the Kidney

A

substances removed from the blood into the collecting duct and fluid is passed to the bladder to be excreted as urine

116
Q

Secretion occurs in two main areas

A

Proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule

117
Q

Secretion at PCT

A

creatinine, antibiotics, diuretics, uric acid

118
Q

Secretion at DCT

A

K, H, urea

119
Q

Na/K ATPase pump function

A

to reestablish the resting membrane potential after an AP

120
Q

NA/K ATPase pump process

A

pumps out 3 Na+ for every 2 K+ into the cell, using energy

121
Q

Na/K ATPase pump is located in the

A

sarcolemme

122
Q

Oxidation and Reduction in electrochemical cells occurs at:

A

Reduction- Cathode (RED CAT)

Oxidation- Anode (AN OX)

123
Q

Kinases

A

add phosphate functional groups to different substrates

124
Q

Transferases

A

transfer a functional group from one substance to another

125
Q

Ligases

A

catalyze addition of two molecules to make one

126
Q

Oxidoreductases

A

transferring electrons from one substance to another

127
Q

Oxidases

A

directly involved with oxidizing (taking electrons away)

128
Q

Reductase

A

directly involved with reducing (giving electrons to)

129
Q

Isomerases

A

involved in converting between isomers

130
Q

Hydrolases

A

Use water to separate a molecule into two

131
Q

Lyase

A

catalyzes the dissociation of a molecule

132
Q

Polarity Ranking of Organic Molecules

A 
Amide
Acid
Alcohol
Ketone/Aldehyde
Amine
Ester
Ether
Alkane
133
Q

Oxidation is

A

the loss of electrons, or an increase in the oxidation state of an atom/ion

134
Q

Reduction is

A

the gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state of an atom/ion

135
Q

Pi Stacking is

A

the attractive, noncovalent interaction between aromatic rings (because they contain pi bonds)

136
Q

In electrochemical cells oxidation always occurs at the

A

anode

137
Q

in electrochemical cells reduction always occurs at the

A

cathode

138
Q

In Galvanic (Voltaic) Cells the electrons flow from

A

the anode (negative) to the cathode (positive)

139
Q

Ionic Bonds form between

A

atoms that will dissociate into ions

have very different electronegativities

140
Q

Polar Covalent Bonds

A

created when the shared electrons are not equally shared because one atom has a higher electronegativity

141
Q

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

A

created when the atoms share their electrons equally because they have similar electron affinities

142
Q

Coordinate Covalent Bonds

A

created when one atom donates both of the electrons to be shared to create the bond

143
Q

Coordination Number

A

the total number of points of attachment to the central element

144
Q

Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation

A

pH = pKa + log ([Conjugate Base]/[acid])

145
Q

Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation is used for:

A

calculating the buffer pH of a system

146
Q

Ksp is the

A

equilibrium constant for a solid substance dissolving in an aqueous solution and it represents the level at which a solute dissolves in solution

147
Q

When Ksp is high

A

a substance is more soluble

148
Q

Ksp equation

A

aA (s) cC (aq) + dD (aq)

Ksp = [C]^c[D]^d

149
Q

Common Ion Effect

A

solubility is reduces by a common ion

150
Q

Hess’s Law

A

The total enthalpy change for the reaction is the sum of all changes, and is independent of the path taken

151
Q

When to use Hess’s Law

A

when given the enthalpies of part reactions

152
Q

Work Equations

A 
W= FΔr cosθ
W = ΔKE
W= Fd
KE = 1/2 mv^2
153
Q

Power Equation

A

P = W/t

154
Q

Decibels increase by __ which increases intensity by ____

A

for every 10 increase in decibels is an increase of 1 exponent value

eg:

10 dB = 1 x 10^ -11
20 dB = 1 X 10^-10

155
Q

Absorption of UV light by organic molecules always results in

A

electronic excitation

156
Q

Metabolic Flux

A

is the rate of turnover of molecules through a metabolic pathway

157
Q

Metabolic Flux is regulated by

A

the enzymes involved in a pathway, and changes under certain conditions

158
Q

Action Potential Phases

A

Depolarization: opening of voltage gated Na+ channels
Repolarization: closure of Na+ and opening of K+ voltage gated channels
Hyperpolarization: voltage gated K+ channels remain open after the potential reaches resting level

159
Q

Secretory Proteins are synthesized:

A

by ribosomes of the RER, and transfered to the golgi apparatus

160
Q

Lactate dehydrogenase

A

catalyzes the transfer of pyruvate to lactate

161
Q

hexokinase

A

phosphorylates glucase to form glucose 6- phosphate

162
Q

phosphofructokinase

A

catallyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to fructose 6-phosphate to make fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

163
Q

pyruvate kinase

A

catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate

164
Q

Southern Blot
Target Molecule:
Sample Preparation:

A

DNA

DNA extraction and enzymatic digestion

165
Q

Northern Blot
Target Molecule:
Sample Preparation:

A

RNA

RNA isolation

166
Q

Western Blot
Target Molecule:
Sample Preparation:

A

Protein

Protein Extraction

167
Q

Vasopressin

A

aka ADH

regulates extracellular fluid volume by regulating renal handling of water by acting on the renal collecting ducts

168
Q

Myelin forming cells in the PNS

A

Schwann Cells

169
Q

Myelin forming cells in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

170
Q

Endosome

A

primarily intracellular sorting organelles, they regulate the trafficking of proteins and lipids

171
Q

DNA reading Frame

A

5’ - 3’

amino terminus - carboxy terminus

172
Q

ATP produced in Aerobic conditions

A

36

173
Q

ATP produced in anaerobic conditions

A

2

Review Index Cards (4 decks)

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