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Review Index Cards > Section Bank > Flashcards

Section Bank Flashcards

1
Q

Primary Alcohols are oxidized first to

A

aldehydes

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2
Q

Secondary Alcohols are oxidized to

A

Ketones

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3
Q

Primary Alcohols are fully oxidized to

A

carboxylic acids

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4
Q

aldehydes are oxidized to

A

carboxylic acids

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5
Q

Alkanes are oxidized to

A

carboxylic acids

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6
Q

alkenes are oxidized to

A

aldehyde or ketone, carboxylic acid, diols, epoxide

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7
Q

Alkynes are oxidized to

A

carboxylic acids

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8
Q

Diols are oxidized to

A

aldehydes

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9
Q

ketones are oxidized to

A

esters

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10
Q

aldehydes are reduced to

A

primary alcohols

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11
Q

ketones are reduced to

A

secondary alcohols

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12
Q

amides are reduced to

A

primary amines

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13
Q

carboxylic acids are reduced to

A

primary alcohols

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14
Q

Esters are reduced to

A

primary alcohols

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15
Q

Enolate intermediates form during

A

keto and enol resonance in carbonyl groups (keto more stable)

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16
Q

Oxidation

A

loss of electrons

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17
Q

Reduction

A

gain of electrons

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18
Q

Mesylates and Tosylates are used to

A

make alcohols better leaving groups or as protecting groups

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19
Q

Mesylates and Tosylates are formed by

A

protonating alcohols

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20
Q

Mesylates contain what functional group?

A

-SO3CH3

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21
Q

Tosylates contain what functional group?

A

-SO3C6H4CH3

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22
Q

Quinones and HydroxyQuinones are produced by

A

treating phenols with oxidizing agents, first oxidized to quinone and then to hydroxyquinone

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23
Q

Quinones and hydroxyquinones are electrophilic or nucleophilic?

A

electrophilic

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24
Q

Nucleophilic Addition of an aldehyde produces

A

an alcohol

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25
Q

Hydration of aldehydes and ketones produces

A

geminal diols

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26
Q

Aldehydes and ketones treated with one equivalent of alcohol produce

A

hemiacetyls/hemiketals

27
Q

Aldehydes and ketones treated with two equivalents of alcohol produce

A

acetyls/ketals

28
Q

Imines are produced by:

A

ketones or aldehydes undergo an addition of nitrogen from ammonia (condensation/nucleophilic substitution)

29
Q

Enamines and Imines

A

are formed by tautomerization

30
Q

Cyanohydrins are produced by

A

hydrogen dissociates from HCN and the nucleophilic CN anion attacks the carbonyl carbon on aldehydes and ketones followed by reprotonation

31
Q

Aldol Condensation

A

aldehyde or ketone acts as an electrophile and a nucleophile to create an aldol that contains an aldehyde and an alcohol group

32
Q

When is a reaction under Kinetic Control?

A

with temperatures are lower, and reaction proceeds quickly

33
Q

Products under kinetic control are more or less stable?

A

less

34
Q

When is a reaction under thermodynamic control?

A

when temperatures are higher and the reaction will proceed slower

35
Q

Products under thermodynamic control are more or less stable?

A

more

36
Q

Thin Lens Formula

A

1/o + 1/i = 1/f

37
Q

Sound Intensity Calculation

A

I (dB) = 10 log [I/Io]

38
Q

Calculating Keq from ΔG (standard state)

A

ΔG(ss) = -RT ln Keq

Keq = e ^-ΔG(ss)/RT

39
Q

When there is a negative formal charge the electron configuration has:

A

more electrons

40
Q

When there is a positive formal charge the electron configuration has:

A

less electrons

41
Q

When removing electrons in a electron configuration they are removed from the

A

outermost shell (goes by the NUMBER in front)

42
Q

Vmax is

A

the maximum rate of the reaction, the y-axis intercept on a Line Weaver- Burk Plot

43
Q

Michaelis Menton Equation

A

Vo = Vmax [S] / Km + [S]

44
Q

Michaelis Constant (Km)

A

is the concentration of substrate when our reaction speed is half of Vmax (the x-axis intercept on a Lineweaver-Burk Plot)

45
Q

Kcat Equation

A

Kcat= Vmax/[E]t

46
Q

Catalytic Efficiency Equation

A

Kcat / Km

47
Q

Kcat is the

A

enzyme turnover number

48
Q

To increase catalytic efficiency:

A

increase Kcat or decease Km

49
Q

Glycoside Formation

A

anomeric carbon undergoes nucleophilic attack and a functional group is added creating a glycosidic linkage (R-O-R)

50
Q

Aldose vs Ketose

A

Aldose: one -CH2OH group
Ketose: two -CH2OH groups

51
Q

How many H bonds in A-T nucleotide bonds:

A

2

52
Q

How many H bonds in C-G nucleotide Bonds:

A

3

53
Q

Purines

A

A and G (2 rings)

54
Q

Pyrimidines

A

C and T (1 ring)

55
Q

Intermediate in an nucleophilic acyl substitution

A

tetrahedral

56
Q

Condensation of 2 carboxylic acids forms an

A

anhydrides

57
Q

Decarboxylation is the

A

loss of a carboxyl group as CO2 and replaced with a hydrogen

58
Q

Soaponification

A

reaction with long chain fatty acids and NaOH or KOH to create a salt (soap), that has a nonpolar tail and a polar carboxylate head

59
Q

Peptide bonds are formed between the

A

carbonyl carbon and the N of the next peptide residue

60
Q

Peptide bonds are formed via:

A

condensation reactions

61
Q

SN1

A

2 steps
intermediate has a carbocation
the MORE substituted the more stable
racemic mixture

62
Q

SN2

A

1 step
back side attack creating an inversion in stereochemistry
the LESS substituted the carbon the more stable

63
Q

Ternary Complex formed with

A

2 substrate molecules and an enzyme

Review Index Cards (4 decks)

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