Practice Test Questions (part 2) Flashcards
What type of nucleus does a ganglion cell have?
round and EUCHROMATIC nucleus
What type of nucleus does a orthochromatic normoblast have?
small, pykontic (very condensed) dark and heterchromatic
Which has more capillaries: loose connective tissue or dense regular connective tissue?
Loose connective tissue
Which structures are primarily microtubules?
cilia, axoneme, basal bodies, flagellum of sperm
What structures are primarily microfilaments?
microvilli, striated border, brush border, stereocilia
What is appositional growth?
The secretion of new cartilage matrix along the surface of a pre-existing cartilage.
Occurs by ostoeoblasts from the periosteum
What is interstitial growth?
The process of chondrocyte division, hypertrophy, osteoblast deposition and osteoclast resorption restricted to the end of bones.
Primarily due to chondrocyte division
What is intracartilaginous growth?
laying down a layer of cartrilage and then having osteoblasts deposit bone on pieces of calcified cartilage while osteoclasts resorb the calcified cartilage to give new space
The primary defect in osteoarthritis is the degeneration of…?
the articular cartilage.
Arrange the following steps in order ofor endochondral ossification:
a) formation of a cartilage model
b) loss of chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate
c) loss of osteocytes in the epiphyseal plate
d) invasion of a periosteal bud
e) formation a secondary ossification center
a) formation of a cartilage mode
d) invasion of a periosteal budl
e) formation a secondary ossification center
b) loss of chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate
The following does not occur in endochondral ossification:
c) loss of osteocytes in the epiphyseal plate
What is not present in an adult tooth, endothelial cells or ameloblasts?
Ameloblasts [grows enamel, only in kids]
In a cross section, how can a cardiac muscle best be differentiated from smooth muscle?
A cardiac muscle has larger, more variable sized fibers.
What is a primary lysosome?
newly formed, virgin lysosome
What is secondary lysosome?
Vesicles formed after fusion of the primary lysosome with the membrane bound material to be destroyed.
Can a satellite cell replicate?
Yes
Can an osteoblast replicate?
No
Can an endothelial cell replicate?
Yes
Can a fibroblast replicate?
Yes
Can a chondrocyte replicate?
Yes
What three cell types have very tightly coiled chromatin? What does this indicate about the cell?
Adipose, Mucous, and Goblet cells. Having very tightly coiled chromatin means they are inactive, or heterochromatic.
What cell secretes antibodies? What is it derived from? What type of cytoplasm and nucleus does it have?
Plasma cells secrete antibodies. They are derived from B-Lymphocytes. They have a basophilic cytoplasm with a small round eccentric nucleus.
What tissue can grow appositionally and interstitally?
only cartilage
Where do osteoblasts differentiate from stem cells?
Volkmann’s canals, periosteum, marrow cavity, endosteum. Anywhere you can find osteoblasts.
What large cell has a lobated, polyploid nucleus that can be found in bone marrow?
Megakaryocyte
From what part of the germ layer do odontoblasts arise from?
neural crest cells
From what part of the germ layer do Schwann cells arise from?
neural crest cells
From what part of the germ layer do parasympathetic ganglion cells arise from?
neural crest cells
From what part of the germ layer do mesenchymal cells arise from?
neural crest cells
The axon hillock prevents ______ from entering the axon.
Ribosomes
Severing the dorsal roots will result in damage to neurons whose cell bodies are located in the…?
spinal ganglia
Severing the spinal cord will result in damage to neurons whose cell bodies are located in the…?
spinal ganglia and gray matter
In peripheral nerves, what are the layers starting from the axon and going outward?
Axon –> myelin –> schwan cell nucleus/cytoplasm–> basal lamina–> endoneurim (fibroblast, CT)
What does the serous gland of the Pancreas secrete?
Digestive enzymes like trypsinogens, chymotrypsinogen, amylase, lipase, deoxyribonuclease in inactive proenzyme form.
What do the islets of the Pancreas secrete?
Beta cells - insulin (70%)
alpha cells - glucagon (20%)
delta cells - somatostatin
PP cell - pancreatic polypeptide
What type of capillaries are in the islets of langerhans?
fenestrated capillaries
From which germ layer are the bones of the vertebral column from?
mesoderm
From which germ layer are the bones of the cranial vault from?
ectoderm
From which germ layer are the epithelial lining of the stomach from?
endoderm
From which germ layer are the smooth muscle of the aorta from?
Mesoderm
From which germ layer are leukocytes and erythrocytes from?
Mesoderm
Where do developing erythroblasts take place?
bone marrow
Where do developing leukocytes take place?
in the blood
Which cell is normally present in a healthy individual’s blood sample? why?
a) plasma cell
b) eosinophilic metamyelocyte
c) neutrophilic band
c) Neutrophilic band
Because there is always a low level present of neutrophils in the blood, even when the patient is healthy.
What do smooth muscle fibers not have that skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers do?
T-tubules, terminal cisternae, multinucleated cells, sarcomeres, z-lines
What are some characteristic features of smooth muscle fibers?
single nucleus per cell, intermediate filaments, pinocytotic vesicles, and cigar shaped nucleus
Where are purkinje fibers located?
in the endocardium of the heart
Describe purkinje fibers.
Located in the endocardium of the heart, purkinje fibers are large cells with abundant glycogen stores.
Hepatocytes secrete conjugated bilirubin directly into what?
bile canaliculi.
Arterioles in the liver portal triad dump into what?
liver sinusoids
What do dense regular connective tissue and fibrocartilage have in common?
Both have Type I collagen fiber bundles
What type of cytoplasm and nucleus does an orthochromatophilic normoblast have?
an acidophilic cytoplasm and a round, pyknotic nucleus
What is the function of a muscle spindle? What neuron does it attach to?
Function - sensory receptor for muscle
Neuron attachment - Dorsal root ganglion.
Do sympathetic ganglion attach to skeletal muscle?
No
What do sympathetic ganglion attach to?
Cardiac muscle, Smooth muscle and Glands
What is a sinusoid?
A type of capillary
