Practice test questions Flashcards
What substance would we expect to see elevated in a patient with CHF?
ANP
__________ is the most important mechanism for retaining Na+ and water during a severe, acute hemorrhage.
Carotid baroreceptors–> sympathetic stimulation –> rapid, renal afferent vasoconstriction–> decreased GFR , Na and water excretion
Would would the free water cleance be in a person with severe dehydration and a person with SIADH?
Both cases would have a negative free water clearance.
Would would the urine osmolarity be in someone with SIADH?
Urine osmolarity would be elevated
During severe dehydration, would would the urine and plasma osmolarity?
Urine and plasma osmolarity would be high in both situations
Bob is a picky eater and eats a K+ rich diet. What are his blood K+ levels and Where is the majority of the K+ ?
Blood K+ levels are normal and the majority of his K+ would be inside of the cell, because insulin would move it into the cell, then it would be secreted due to the high concentration gradient that is created inside of the cell
What happens to K+ if we have a high plasma osmolality?
High plasma osmolarity–> water will shift from ICF–> ECF–> increase the K+ concentration gradient insider of the cell–> cause K+ to leave out of the cell–> Increase plasma K+
What happens to K+ if we have a low plasma osmolality?
Low plasma osmolality–> water goes into the cell–> decrease in intracellular K+–> drives K+ into the cell–> decrease in plasma K+
What diagnoses where would we see high serum Ca2+ levels?
- Malignancy
- Praimary hyperparathyroidism
What dx would we see low plasma Ca+ levels?
Hypoparathyroidism
Renal disease
Vit D deficiency (calctriol)
What receptpors does calcitriol work on?
VDR
What is a serum marker in elevated AKI?
CREATININE
What cells are found in the biopsy of a Pt with AKI?
M1 monocytes and neutrophils bc Tcells will not be there yet
RTA Type 1 results in
severe acidosis d/t hypokalemia
Where is the majority of the Mg2+ reabsorbed?
TAL: via the NKCC2 R
How does PTH affect Mg2+
Increase of PTH–> increase Mg reabsorption
How will metabolic acidosis affect Mg reabsorption?
decrease
How will metabolic alkalosis affect Mg reabsorption?
increase
How does ECF volume expansion affect Mg reabsorption?
decrease
How does ECF volume contraction affect Mg reabsorption?
increase
Class II HLA testing but not a good match
- Donor cells are exposed to radioactivity and then mixed with recipients cells.
- H+ thymidine is then added.
- Radioactivity is incorperated into the recipients DNA and there is recipient cell proliferation
Class II HLA testing: good match
- Donor cells are exposed to radioactivity and then mixed with recipients cells.
- H+ thymidine is then added.
- Radioactivity is NOT incorperated into the recipients DNA and there is NO recipient cell proliferation
HLA Type 1:
- Donor mixed with recipients serum
- Compliment is added–> MAC complex–> forms pores
- Dye is added
- Dye does accumulate in the donor cells
HLA Type 1:
- Donor mixed with recipients serum: Ab bind to cells
- Compliment is added–> MAC complex–> forms pores
- Dye is added
- Dye does NOT accumulate in the donor cells
Humoral rejection occurs via
Cellular rejection occurs via
Humoral rejection occurs via TH2 production of IL4, IL5 snad IL10
Cellular rejection via TH1 production of IL2 and IFN-y
What produces IL10?
M2
TH2
Treg
What anti-CDs are used to identify macrophages>
anti CD14
how can we identfy tissue macrophages M2
antiCD14
IL10
How can we identify T-reg cells or Th2 cells
Anti CD3 and anti CD4 abs
+ anti IL-10 Abs
why do allograft pts need immunosupressants
Othwesise, chronic rejection is most likely to occur because unrelated HLA identical ppl have many mismatch Minor HC genes. But because the major HG genes match, hyperacte and acute are less likely to occyr
Class I antigens are detected by
adding lymphocytes to HLA A, B or B. .
