Practice test 2: Psych/Soc cards Flashcards
What is an embedded study?
researcher assumes role of community members
What is a prospective cohort?
participants are enrolled in study prior to seeing outcome
What is a prospective chart review?
evaluation of patient data that is pending IRB review
What is a mediator variable?
explains the process through which two variables are related
What is a moderating variable?
affects the strength and direction of the A-B relationship
What is a confounding variable?
extra variable that wasn’t accounted for
Do opoid withdraws produce symptoms that are similar or opposite to the symptoms that were observed while pt was on opoids?
Withdraws produce opposite symptoms to those seen when on opoids
Basis of drive reduction theory?
Taking action to eliminate a negative pressure. (aka eating food to eliminate negative hungry feeling)
What is the gestalt principle of similarity?
similar elements are visually grouped
What is the gestalt principle of continuation?
the human eye will follow the smoothest path when viewing lines
What is the gestalt principle of Proximity?
we tend to perceive elements as a group when they are close to each other.
What is the gestalt principle of closure?
Given the chance our mind will opt for simplicity and see implied shapes over collections of dots
What is the gestalt principle of connectedness?
we tend to group elements when they are connected to each other.
What is reconstructive bias?
poor recollection (relevant in retrospective studies)
What is social desirability bias?
subjects report behavior in accordance with social norms
What is test-retest bias?
applying same test multiple times and seeing an increase in preformance
What is researcher bias?
Bias due to bad experimental design
What is projection bias?
researchers projecting their own beliefs onto subjects
What is attrition bias?
Subjects dropping out
What is deindividuation?
ppl in groups act differently then they would individually
What is social loafing?
Putting in less effort towards a goal while in a group compared to alone
What is group polarization?
Group makes more extreme decisions together then they would individually
What is the bystander effect?
ppl are less likely to help in a crowd then they would while alone
What is the schacter-singer theory of emotion?
emotions are the result of both physiological and cognitive processes
What is the fixed interval reinforcement schedule?
when reinforcement is given to a desired response after specific (predictable) amount of time
What is the fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?
Reinforces behavior after certain amount of correct responses
What is the variable interval reinforcement schedule?
Reinforces behavior after a random amount of time
What is the variable ratio reinforcement schedule?
Reinforces behavior after a random number of correct answers
What is cognitive dissonance?
having inconsistent thoughts/beliefs from your actions (aka knowing smoking is bad but doing it anyways)
What is attribution theory?
one attempting to understand the behavior of others by attributing feelings, beliefs and intentions to them
What is the stroop effect?
the delay in reaction time between congruent and incongruent stimuli.
What is construct validity?
The degree to which a test measures what it claims to be measuring
What is symbolic interactionism?
Seeing a word and thinking of the interactions you’ve had with that word instead of the letters comprising the word
Contrast stigmas vs. prejudice vs. discrimination
Stigmas: CHARACTERISTICS that may develop a socially negative attitude towards the individual
Prejudice: is a negative ATTITUDE that one has based in opinion
Discrimination: TREATING a person differently from other persons
What is a normative influence?
Others influencing our behavior which leads us to changing in order to be accepted
What is compliance?
The act of yielding to a wish or demand
What is ingratiation?
bringing oneself into favor with someone via flattery
What is opponent process theory?
the way humans perceive color is controlled by three opposing systems
What is expectancy value theory?
achievement-related choices are motivated by a combination of people’s expectations and the value of the task
What is an approach approach conflict?
Deciding between 2 positives
What is an approach-avoid conflict?
Deciding between a negative and a positive
What is a double approach avoid conflict?
Deciding between two choices each with good and bad sides
