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Principals Of GYN > Practice Test 1- Anatomy & Female Pelvis > Flashcards

Practice Test 1- Anatomy & Female Pelvis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three regions that the pelvis occupies?

A

Hypogastric, left and right iliac

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2
Q

What is the name of the imaginary line that separates the true pelvis from the false pelvis?

A

Linea terminalis

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3
Q

The false pelvis is more posterior then the true pelvis true or false

A

False. The true pelvis is inferior and posterior to the false pelvis

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4
Q

The pelvis is part of the peritoneal cavity, extending from the _______superiorly to the______ inferiorly

A

Iliac crest to

Pelvic diaphragm

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5
Q

What does the true pelvis contain

A 
Pelvic colon, 
rectum, 
bladder, 
ureter's, 
vagina, 
uterus, 
ovaries, 
fallopian tube's, 
urethra
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6
Q

Where does the false pelvis extend to superiorly?

A

Iliac crest to linea terminalis

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7
Q

What organs does the false pelvis contain?

A

Mostly bowel and small intestines

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8
Q

Linea terminalis extends between the _____superiorly and the inferiorly______

A

Sacral promontory

Pubic bone

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9
Q

When the urinary bladder is empty it is positioned in the false pelvis true or false?

A

False the bladder is in the true pelvis unless very full and distended.

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10
Q

The ureter courses _____to the ovaries and inserts into the _______\of the urinary bladder

A

Posterior

Trigone

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11
Q

________ is the peritoneal process that attaches the colon to the posterior abdominal wall

A

Mesocolon

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12
Q

What is the most dependent area in the pelvis?

A

Pouch of Douglas

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13
Q

What are the terms that refer to the peritoneal space between the uterus and the rectum?

A

Pouch of Douglas
Posterior cul-de-sac
Rectouterine pouch

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14
Q

What are the most common abnormalities seen in the space of Retzius?

A

Hematoma

Abscess

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15
Q

Mention four conditions where you might see fluid in the cul-de-sac

A

Etopic pregnancy
Cyst rupture
Pelvic infection
Ascites

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16
Q

The space of Retzius is contagious with the abdominal pelvic cavity he true or false?

A

False.

The recto pubic space is between the pubis and anterior bladder it is filled with fat and extra peritoneum.

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17
Q

Where is the space of Retzius located?

A

Between the anterior bladder wall and the pubis

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18
Q

What is the area in the uterus where the fallopian tube originates?

A

The cornua-located in the lateral portion of the fundus

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19
Q

Fundus of the uterus is the same as the dome true or false?

A

True

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20
Q

What is the other term for the body of the uterus?

A

Corpus- Latin for body

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21
Q

What are the three ligaments that provide structural support to the uterus?

A

Round ligament’s
Cardinal ligament’s
Utero sacral ligament’s

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22
Q

Is the broad ligament a real ligament?

A

No, it is a dual layer of peritoneum and not considered a supportive ligament

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23
Q

What are the three sections of the broad ligament?

A

Mesometrium
Mesovarium
Mesosalpinx

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24
Q

What is the term used for the connective tissue between the two layers of broad ligament’s?

A

Parametrium

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25
Q

What structures are located between the two layers of the broad ligaments?

A

Uterus
Most of the fallopian tube’s and round ligaments
Uterine vessels ovarian ligaments, portions of ovarian vessels

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26
Q

Where is the ovary located in regards to the broad ligament?

A

The ovary is located posterior and lateral in regards to the broad ligament

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27
Q

The cardinal ligament connects the cervix with the posterior pelvic wall true or false?

A

False the cardinal ligament connects the cervix with the lateral pelvic wall

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28
Q

What are the two ligaments that are attached to the ovaries?

Which area does each ligament attach the ovary to?

A

Medial ovarian Pole attached to the utero ovarian ligament-which is a fibrous ligament.

Lateral ovarian pole attached to lateral pelvic wall by suspensitory ligament – a non-rigid ligament an extension of the broad ligament. This houses the ovarian vessels and nerves

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29
Q

The________ arises from the uterine cornua and extends in the_________ and more specifically to the _______.
This ligament is responsible for the ______tilt of the uterus

A

Round ligament’s
External genitalia
Labia majora
Anterior

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30
Q

What is the other term for the suspensory ligament of the ovary? And is it a real ligament?

A

Infundibulopelvic ligament.

No, it is two layers of peritoneum and an extension of the broad ligament

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31
Q

What structures course through the suspensory ligament of the ovary?

A

The ovarian nerves and vessels

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32
Q

The proper ovarian ligament attaches the superior medial pole of the ovary with the uterus true or false

A

False the proper ovarian ligament attaches to the medial lower pole of the ovary

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33
Q

The______ separates the pelvis into anterior and posterior compartments

A

Broad ligament

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34
Q

The other name for the cardinal ligament is_____. The cardinal ligament and the utero sacral ligament support the_____.

A

Trans cervical ligament’s

Cervix

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35
Q

_______ constitutes the largest part of the broad ligament.

A

Mesometrium

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36
Q

_________ anchors the ________surface of the ovary to the posterior surface of the broad ligament

A

A short mesovarium

Anterior

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37
Q

_______ The free margin of the broad ligament is where the fallopian tube’s travel

A

Superior portion of

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38
Q

Which bone constitutes the anterior lateral pelvic wall?

A

The innominate bones a.k.a. the hip bones

Ilium ischium &

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39
Q

What is the term used to describe cysts in the cervix?

A

Nabothian or Mucoretention cyst

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40
Q

What is the length of a normal cervix?

A

4-5 cm in Nulliparous women

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41
Q

The cervical canal extenze between the______ Os inferiorly and the______ Os superiorly

A

External

Internal

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42
Q

The continuous space between the cervix and the vaginal wall is called the______.

A

Cervical canal

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43
Q

The cervix is anchored to the bladder by the____

A

Parametrium

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44
Q

The parametrium is the outer layer of the uterus true or false?

A

False- the perimetrium

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45
Q

______ is the portion of the cervix surrounding the cervical canal which is lined with columnar cells that secrete mucus

A

The endocervix

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46
Q

__________ refers to the outer layer of the cervix which consists of squamous epithelium it is continuous with the vagina

A

The Exocervix

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47
Q

In order to see the cervix on transvaginal scan, you have to angle the transducer toward the patients anterior pelvic wall true or false

A

False. Posterior angulation with transvaginal scanning is better to see the cervix

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48
Q

The Endo cervix can always be seen on transvaginal scan true or false

A

False unless properly positioned the entire cervix may not be visualized

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49
Q

When you measure cervical length in a pregnant woman you measure it between the ______and the _____Women who have a short cervix can go into_______ labor.

A

Internal os
External os
Premature

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50
Q

The cervix usually looks ________on transverse plane, while the vagina is more_______

A

Round

Flattened

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51
Q

What are the other terms used for nabothian cyst?

A

Epithelial inclusion cyst

Mucous retention cyst

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52
Q

It is normal to see anechoic fluid in the endocervical canal, particularly during the peri ovulatory phase. True or false

A

True

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53
Q

It is normal to see small amounts of fluid in the cul-de-sac. True or false

A

True trace amounts are typical around ovulation

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54
Q

What are the conditions when you might see fluid (serious blood or pus) in the cul-de-sac?

A

Abscess, ectopic pregnancy, ascites, hematoma

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55
Q

The sides of the vagina or enclosed between the ________muscles.

A

Levitator ani

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56
Q

The anterior wall of the vagina is longer than the posterior wall true or false?

A

False posterior wall is 8.5 cm the anterior wall is 6.5 cm

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57
Q

The vagina is posterior to the_____ and_____and anterior to the_______.

A

Bladder
Urethra
Rectum

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58
Q

How does the central mucosa of the vagina look like on ultrasound?

A

A bright, thin linear structure

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59
Q

The infundibulopelvic ligament arises from the posterior pelvic wall true or false

A

False the infundibulo pelvic ligament arises from the broad ligament

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60
Q

Fallopian tube’s are routinely seen on ultrasound true or false

A

False fallopian tubes are seen on ultrasound when there is surrounding free fluid or pathology

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61
Q

What is the other name for the internal iliac artery

A

The hypogastric artery

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62
Q

The uterine artery is a branch of the Extertal iliac artery true or false?

A

False

the uterine artery is a branch of the internal iliac artery

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63
Q

The radial artery’s penetrate the Miami trim and become the street arteries when they reach the basal layer of the endometrium true or false?

A

True

64
Q

The arcuate arteries are seen in the periphery of the uterus on ultrasound true or false

A

True – they may be mistaken for cysts but they are in fact arteries.
Apply color to find out

65
Q

The______ are responsive to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle and they constrict at messes due to the drop in estrogen levels, leading to ischema in the ________layer of the endometrium, which then sheds during menses

A

Spiral arteries

Functional

66
Q

The other name for basal arteries in the endometrium is______

A

Straight arteries

67
Q

What are the two layers of the endometrium? And which one is responsive to hormonal changes?

A

Basal layer

Functional layer – which is responsive to hormonal changes

68
Q

The arcuate vessels course between the_____ and the_______ of the myometrium

A

Outer

Middle layers

69
Q

The uterine artery divides into _____and _____at the level of the Cervix

A

Vaginal

Uterine branches

70
Q

Do uterine branches supply blood to the______,the_____,and the _______.

A

Cervix
Fallopian tube’s
Ovaries

71
Q

What are the sources of blood supply to the ovaries?

A

The ovarian artery’s and branches of the uterine artery

72
Q

The ovarian artery arises from the internal iliac artery true or false

A

False the ovarian artery is also known as the gonadal artery and arises from the aorta

73
Q

During early stages of ovarian torsion, you might be able to detect arterial flow but not venous flow true or false

A

True venous flow is first affected

74
Q

Where do the right and left ovarian vein’s drain into?

A

The right ovarian vein drains directly into the IVC.

The left ovarian vein drains into the left renal vein

75
Q

What is the vessel that runs through the functionalis layer of the endometrium?

A

The spiral arteries

76
Q

_____ arteries can get calcified in elderly women and are seen as calcifications in the uterine periphery

A

Arcuate

77
Q

Where do the ovarian arteries arise from?

A

Ovarian arteries are also known as the gonadal artery’s and they arise from the aorta

78
Q

Which bones constitute the posterior pelvis wall

A

Sacrum and coccyx

79
Q

Where does the fertilized egg implant?

A

Hopefully in the endometrium within the endometrial cavity of the uterus

80
Q

Where does fertilization normally occur? And which segment?

A

Fertilization normally occurs in the ampulla section of the fallopian tube

81
Q

Where does the embryo grow?

A

In the endometrial layer of the uterine cavity within a gestational sac

82
Q

At which segments of the uterus is the uterus most flexible?

A

The isthmus

83
Q

What is the other name for the cervix?

A

Proximal portion of the uterus

84
Q

What is the length of the isthmus of the uterus

A

1cm

85
Q

What hormone causes the uterine muscles to contract during labor?

A

Oxytosin

86
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus?

A

Perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

87
Q

How many muscular layers are there in the uterus?
Which one is the thickest layer?
Which one is the most echogenic?
Which one is the most hypoechoic?

A

Three
Middle
Most echogenic middle
Most hypoechoic inner

88
Q

What are the portions of the uterus?
Which portion is the largest?
Which portion is the widest?

A

Fundus/dome
Body/corpus
Isthmus/lower uterine segment
Cervix

Largest is the body
Widest is the fundus

89
Q

The endometrium changes its appearance depending on the woman’s menstrual cycle phase true or false?

A

True

90
Q

What type of muscles make up the myometrium?

A

Smooth muscles

91
Q

The endometrium is continuous with the mucous membranes of fallopian tube’s and vagina but with different cells. True or false

A

True

92
Q

The functionalist layer of the endometrium is the Deep layer true or false

A

False. The basalis layer is the deep layer of the endometrium

93
Q

The basalis layer of the endometrium sheds during menses true or false

A

False the functionalis layer sheds during menses

94
Q

What is the other name for perimetrium?

A

Serosa

95
Q

The ovaries are attached to the anterior layer of the broad ligament by the mesovarium. True or false

A

False the ovaries are attached to the posterior layer of the broad ligament

96
Q

Why is it important to evaluate the perimetrium?

A

For contour to rule out small serosal fibroids

97
Q

The Myometrium is composed of skeletal muscle. True or false?

A

True. Skeletal muscles ate smooth muscles

98
Q

Ovaries are extraperitoneal organs true or false

A

False the ovaries are intraperitoneal organs

99
Q

Ovaries are not covered with a visceral peritoneum true or false

A

True and they are called nude ovaries

100
Q

Ovaries are _____and _____to the fallopian tube. The fimbriae of the fallopian tube’s lie_____ and _____to the ovary. The ______surface of the ovary is attached to the _______surface of the broad ligament by a short________.

A 
Posterior
Distal
Superior
Lateral
Anterior
Posterior
Mesovarium
101
Q

The internal iliac artery and the ureter are posterior to the ovary. The IIA is more posterior than the ureter. True or false?

A

True

102
Q

Usually, the medial pole of the ovary is more superior than the lateral pole true or false?

A

False the lateral pole is more superior and the medial pole is more inferior

103
Q

Both the _____of the ovary and the _____of the fallopian tube attached to the superior surface of each ovary

A

Suspensitory ligament

Fimbrae

104
Q

The characteristic appearance of ovaries is: they are _______shaped and they look like ______due to the presence of follicles

A

Almond/ovoid

Swiss cheese

105
Q

It might be hard to see ovaries in postmenopausal women due to _______and the lack of________

A

Atrophy

Follicles

106
Q

Identifying the External iliac vessels running along the posteriolateral aspect of the ovary can help in locating the ovaries true or false

A

False it is the internal iliac artery which can help in identifying the location of the ovaries

107
Q

If ovarian torsion is suspected parentheses unilateral sharp pain parentheses, ______Doppler should be applied to demonstrate ______and _______flow

A

Spectral Doppler should be applied in addition to color Doppler to demonstrate arterial and venous flow

108
Q

What are the parts of fallopian tube’s?

A

Interstitial, isthmus, ampulla, infundibulum, Fimbrae

109
Q

Fallopian tube’s typically measure_______ x_________

A

10cmx10mm

110
Q

What are the three layers of fallopian tube’s?

A

Outer serosa
Middle muscular
Inner mucosal – which is contagious with the uterus

111
Q

Etopic pregnancy in the ________section of fallopian tubes is life-threatening.

A

Interstitial

112
Q

Most etopic pregnancies occur in the _____, especially in the _______part of it

A

Ampulla of the fallopian tubes

Widest

113
Q

Which part of the fallopian tube is the widest and largest?

A

The ampulla is the largest and the widest- this is where most ectopic pregnancies occur

114
Q

Where does the infundibulum of the fallopian tube open into

A

The peritoneal cavity

115
Q

What are the fingerlike projections of fallopian tubes called?

A

Fimbrae

116
Q

Fallopian tubes arise from the of the uterus

A

Cornua

117
Q

The ________becomes the common fee moral artery at the level of the inguinal canal

A

External iliac artery

118
Q

________ are used as a landmark to look at the ovary as they are located posterior to the ovaries in most cases

A

Internal iliac arteries & ureters

119
Q

What are the muscles of the false pelvis?

A

Rectus abdominis and transversus abdominis, psoas muscle, iliopsoas muscle

120
Q

What are the muscles of the true pelvis?

A

Piriformis muscle, obturator internus muscle, levitator ani muscles (iliococcygeus and pubococcygeus)
coccygeus muscles

121
Q

The______ muscles form the anterior abdominal pelvic wall

A

Rectus abdominis

122
Q

The muscles form the anterior lateral wall of the abdominal pelvic wall

A

Transversus abdominis

123
Q

The rectus abdominal muscle extends between the _______and the______

A

Xiphoid process

Pubic symphasis

124
Q

The right and left columns of the rectus abdominis muscles are separated by the midline

A

Linea alba

125
Q

Muscles are paired, elongated, ovoid, relatively hypoechoic structures surrounded by________

A

Fascia

126
Q

Rectus abdominis muscles are best seen on the ______axis of the pelvis

A

Transverse

127
Q

The thin bright lines seen on traverse plane of the anterior abdominal wall represent the rectus abdominis _______and delineate the anterior and posterior borders.

A

Sheath

128
Q

The psoas muscle originates in the pelvis true or false?

A

False the psoas muscle originates at T 12

129
Q

Below the level of the_______, the psoas muscle fuses with the ______becoming the iliopsoas bundles of the false pelvis. They form the pelvic______.

A

Iliac crest
Iliacus
Sidewall

130
Q

The iliopsoas muscle enters the true pelvis true or false?

A

False it does not, but is considered the lateral landmark of the true pelvis

131
Q

The ileopsoas muscles insert into the _______trochanter of the______.

A

Lesser

Femur

132
Q

The iliopsoas muscles are considered the ________landmarks of the true pelvis

A

Lateral

133
Q

What is the distinctive feature about the iliopsoas muscle on ultrasound? What does that represent?

A

A central, hyperechoic bright focus is observed when viewing the ilio psoas us due to the iliopsoas tendon, femoral nerve, and fat running between the two contributing muscles

134
Q

The external iliac vessels are ______to the iliopsoas muscles

A

Anterior

135
Q

Where does the psoas muscle originate? And where does it insert?

A

The psoas muscle originates in the lumbar bodies of T 12 through L2

136
Q

Where does the piriformis muscle originate? Where does it insert?

A

The piriformis muscle originates posterior to the uterus at the lateral sacrum and the gluteal surface of the ilium. The piriformis muscle inserts on to the greater trochanter of the femur

137
Q

Where does the iliacus muscle originate?

A

The iliac crest

138
Q

The piriformis muscle is often mistaken for ovaries. True or false?

A

True – but on turning the piriformis muscle will elongate where as ovaries will not

139
Q

The piriformis muscle is a muscle of the false pelvis true or false

A

False the piriformis muscle is a muscle of the true pelvis and lies in its most posterior aspect

140
Q

The piriformis muscles aid in rotation of the hip and are not directly concerned with support of the pelvic floor true or false

A

True

141
Q

The piriformis muscle is more anterior then the obterator internus muscle. true or false

A

False the piriformis muscle is posterior and medial to the obturator internus

142
Q

Piriformis muscle is more superior and lateral to the levitator ani muscles.
true or false

A

False the piriformis muscle is posterior and medial to the levitator ani muscles

143
Q

The piriformis muscle passes through the _______sciatic notch and inserts into the________

A

Greater

Greater trochanter

144
Q

The obturator internus muscle is seen as long, thin, longitudinal bands on both sides of the urinary bladder upon ultrasound true or false

A

True

145
Q

The obturator internus muscle is more anterior then the piriformis muscle true or false

A

True

146
Q

The _______muscles originate along the arcuate line of the innominate bones, while the _____muscle originates from the sacrum

A

Obturator internus

Piriformis

147
Q

The obturator internus muscle narrows inferiority to pass through the ______sciatic notch and inserts into the medial aspect of the ________of the femur.

A

Lesser

Greater trochanter

148
Q

The pelvic diaphragm consists of:
1
2

A

Levatator ani muscles

Coccygeus muscles

149
Q

The first component of the pelvic diaphragm is composed of _______which is more medial. And _____which is more lateral.

A

Coccygeus muscles

Lam

150
Q

Pelvic diaphragm is the most _______muscular structure of the pelvis

A

Inferior

151
Q

Muscles of the false and true pelvis or skeletal muscles true or false?

A

True

152
Q

The levitate or any muscles are primarily supporting structures and are considered the floor of the pelvis. Between the right and left pairs of muscles, there are three openings for the______, the_______, and the______.

A

Ureter
Vaginal canal
Rectum

153
Q

________Muscle is the most posterior part of the pelvic diaphragm.

A

Coccygeus

154
Q

The pelvic diaphragm muscles are seen______ to the obturator internus muscles-adjacent and ________to the vagina.

A

Medial

Posterior

155
Q

Levatator ani I muscles are seen at the level of the cervix true or false

A

False the LAM are seen in the most inferior level and are part of the pelvic floor

156
Q

Identifying the X ternal iliac vessels running along the posterior lateral aspect of the ovary can help in identifying the ovaries true or false?

A

False the internal iliac is the vessel which helps in locating the ovaries

Principals Of GYN (2 decks)

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