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Biological psychology > practice quizzes for last test > Flashcards

practice quizzes for last test Flashcards

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1
Q

Ventricular enlargement of the brains of some patients with schizophrenia appears to develop from

A

decreases in the volume of adjacent neural tissue.

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2
Q

he notion of “first-rank” symptoms of schizophrenia is associated with

A

Kurt Schneider.

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3
Q

On the basis of studies of the properties of phencyclidine, a _______ hypothesis of schizophrenia has been advanced.

A

glutamate

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4
Q

MRI studies of the brains of people with Tourette’s syndrome have revealed that, on average, Tourette’s patients have _______ compared to normal subjects.

A

smaller motor cortex

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5
Q

In normal subjects, the substance dexamethasone

A

suppresses cortisol levels

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6
Q

Which medical condition may induce depression secondary to excessive secretion of ACTH?

A

Cushing’s syndrome

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7
Q

at least 40% of patients with panic disorder have anatomical anomalies of the

A

temporal lobes

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8
Q

People with panic disorder show increased metabolic activity of which region of the brain?

A

Parahippocampal gyrus

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9
Q

ufferers from combat-related PTSD may experience memory problems as a result of cell loss in the _______ produced by _______.

A

hippocampus; high levels of glucocorticoids

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10
Q

Depressed patients show _______ in REM sleep

A

Increase

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11
Q

Compared with the data from controls, PET scans of patients with depression show

A

increases in blood flow in the frontal cortex and amygdala.

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12
Q

Elaine Walker and E. Fuller Torrey are researchers who have studied

A

Schizophrenia

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13
Q

About _______% of severely disabled OCD patients who underwent cingulotomy benefited substantially.

A

33

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14
Q

The drug Prozac is an example of a

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

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15
Q

Hideyo Noguchi discovered the relationship between

A

psychosis and syphilis

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16
Q

A patient who is given L-dopa to control the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease may

A

develop schizophrenia-like symptoms.

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17
Q

According to Hans Selye, the initial response to stress is a state he called the

A

alarm reaction

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18
Q

A major difficulty with the cognitive theory of emotions is that

A

there may be a specific pattern of autonomic arousal for each emotion

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19
Q

Longitudinal studies have found that individual response stereotypy in autonomic responses to emotional stimuli

A

is invariant over the life span.

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20
Q

hildren who torture animals have been found to have

A

decreased levels of 5-HIAA in the CSF.

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21
Q

Papez’s circuit provides a model of the relationships of different regions in the limbic system involved in

A

emotional expression

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22
Q

Decorticate rage refers to

A

sudden, intense, poorly directed rage provoked by ordinary stimuli.

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23
Q

In humans, diminished cerebrospinal concentrations of serotonin metabolites are correlated with

A

aggression and violence

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24
Q

According to Alan J. Fridlund, a major role of facial expression is

A

to provide emphasis and direction in conversation

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25
Q

Research using fMRI suggests that feelings of romantic love, as opposed to friendship, are associated with reduced activity of the

A

posterior cingulate and amygdala.

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26
Q

Patients with damage to the amygdala do poorly at interpreting facial expressions as indicators of

A

trustworthiness

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27
Q

Studies have found that people presented with photographs of a model rate the face as more emotionally expressive if the photographs are

A

a composite of two left halves

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28
Q

According to John Cacioppo, evidence for autonomic differentiation within categories of emotions

A

remains inconclusive

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29
Q

In fear conditioning, the central nucleus of the amygdala transmits information through the _______ to evoke hormonal responses.

A

bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

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30
Q

William Redican, in his study of facial expressions of nonhuman primates, argued that the distinctive primate expression labeled grimace is analogous to human

A

fear or surprise.

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31
Q

Mark and Ervin have argued that some human violence is

A

related to temporal lobe seizure activity.

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32
Q

According to Lacey and Lacey, responses of various bodily systems show distinct patterns that are specific to the individual. They call this characteristic

A

ndividual response stereotypy.

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33
Q

According to Charles Darwin, facial expressions

A

are used for communication

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34
Q

A particular gene that has been found to be involved in some cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis may involve control of

A

copper/zinc superoxide dismutase.

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35
Q

In general, species that have large cerebellums tend to display _______ motor behavior

A

complex

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36
Q

A primary symptom of cerebellar pathology is

A

ataxic gait.

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37
Q

Nonprimary motor areas are especially active

A

during the preparation of skilled movements

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38
Q

EMG studies have revealed that a voluntary movement of the arm is immediately preceded by

A

a postural response.

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39
Q

Myasthenia gravis is thought to be caused by

A

antibodies that attack acetylcholine receptors.

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40
Q

A high innervation ratio (1 motor neuron to 1000 extrafusal fibers) is associated with

A

powerful movements

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41
Q

low sustained movements are called _______ movements, and they exhibit _______ control.

A

ramp; closed-loop

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42
Q

Cerebellar activity is correlated more strongly with activity of _______, whereas basal ganglia activity is associated with activity of _______

A

the SMA; M1

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43
Q

Fetal cell transplants have been investigated as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease, but some patients exhibit

A

severe involuntary movements.

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44
Q

Muscles are connected to bone by

A

tendons.

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45
Q

Deafferentation of the limb of humans or other primates results in

A

Disuse

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46
Q

Complex, sequential behaviors are called

A

Action plans

47
Q

Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy is a type of inherited muscle disorder that involves

A

a single gene located on the X chromosome.

48
Q

One hypothesis about the basis of the depression seen in some Parkinson’s patients emphasizes the transmitter

A

Serotonin

49
Q

According to Lacey and Lacey, individual differences in emotional responses to stimuli that can be detected in childhood

A

remain consistent throughout life.

50
Q

The _______ is a complicated structure containing both afferent and efferent neural elements.

A

muscle spindle

51
Q

The prevalence of psychiatric disorders is often surprising to many people. Indeed, as many as _______% of people will experience such a disorder during their lifetime.

A

30

52
Q

The drug Valium is a type of

A

. benzodiazepine.

53
Q

The _______ sensory ending transmits information about the central part of muscle spindles.

A

primary

54
Q

Lesions of the _______ system do not cause paralysis, but they interfere with spinal reflexes.

A

corticospinal

55
Q

During the initial phase of parachute training in men, testosterone levels

A

Decrease

56
Q

A major difficulty with the cognitive theory of emotions is tha

A

there may be a specific pattern of autonomic arousal for each emotion

57
Q

An MRI study of the brains of combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder revealed

A

a reduction in the volume of the right hippocampus.

58
Q

The effect of REM deprivation on depression is

A

relief of the depression.

59
Q

Contrasted with voluntary muscle, this kind of muscle is generally under involuntary control and lines such internal structures as the gastrointestinal tract.

A

Smooth muscle

60
Q

Which of the following neurotransmitters has been linked to the rewarding effects of electrical stimulation of various brain regions?

A

Dopamine

61
Q

he brain “monitors” the immune system closely. The achy and lethargic feelings of illness may be adaptive responses that force those who are ill to remain at rest. These symptoms could be related to increases in _______, which are also decreased by the administration of antidepressants.

A

cytokines

62
Q

olgi tendon organs send information to the CNS when a muscle is

A

contracted

63
Q

A drug that produces a potent schizophrenia-like state is

A

PCP

64
Q

Presenting subjects with a visual cue previously associated with shock reportedly increases blood flow to the

A

amygdala

65
Q

Trinucleotide repeats have been implicated in

A

Huntingtons disease

66
Q

The brain affects the immune system through autonomic nerve fibers that innervate immune system organs such as the spleen and thymus gland. These fibers are usually _______ sympathetic postganglionic axons.

A

noradrenergic

67
Q

Mad cow disease, also known as bovine spongiform encephalopathy, is a degenerative brain disease caused by

A

prions

68
Q

e SMA (supplemental motor areas) are important for the encoding of _______ of movement.

A

sequences

69
Q

u are squatting a weight that is too heavy for you. Suddenly, your quadriceps lose tension and you drop the weight. Which structure(s) in your muscles halted activity?

A

Golgi tendon organ

70
Q

he basal ganglia play a role in determining the _______ and direction of movement

A

amplitude

71
Q

The evolutionary perspective on emotions argues that they increase individual survival by

A

eliciting reactions to emergency events in the environment.

72
Q

Research found that when rats face small amounts of stress early in life, they are better able to deal with stress effectively later in life. This phenomenon is called

A

stress immunization

73
Q

Those that suffer from strokes could potentially suffer from apraxia. If a patient presented with ideomotor apraxia, what are they unable to do?

A

unable to carry out simple activities

74
Q

Decreased activity of the _______ lobes is associated with the symptoms of schizophrenia

A

frontal

75
Q

A proposed mechanism for addition involves this phenomenon, where an individual engages in behaviors that activate specific neural circuitry that is activated for such activities as eating and coitus

A

Brain self-stimulation

76
Q

n schizophrenia there are several changes in the brain, including enlargement of some structures and reduction of others. Not all changes involve size, however; in the hippocampus there is a _______ of pyramidal cells

A

disorganization

77
Q

The dexamethasone suppression test provides a neuroendocrine measure of

A

Depression

78
Q

What is an effective treatment for SAD

A

benzodiazepine

79
Q

The most significant feature of closed-loop control mechanisms is the provision for flow of information

A

from what is being controlled to the device that controls it.

80
Q

The output of the cerebellum is carried by the axons of _______ cells, which have _______ synapses on neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei.

A

Purkinje; inhibitory

81
Q

If you were fearful of speaking in front of a crowd, your amygdala would exhibit _______ processing, as opposed to _______ processing for when you see a bear in the woods.

A

high road; low road

82
Q

Which of the following is not one of the pairs of opposing emotions proposed by Plutchik?

A

Pride versus embarrassment

83
Q

The main neurotransmitter used in voluntary muscle contraction is

A

acetylcholine.

84
Q

The neurotransmitter _______ is used in the mammalian neuromuscular junction.

A

acetylcholine

85
Q

Individual males that suffer social defeat have been found to have _______ levels of testosterone

A

decreased

86
Q

Fear conditioning, or “conditioned freezing,” is a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has been associated with a stressful stimulus such as shock. One brain structure, the _______, is crucially involved in this conditioning.

A

amygdala

87
Q

n order to coordinate large-scale, complicated movements, this kind of neural circuitry is activated

A

Central pattern generators

88
Q

Which of the following is not a component of the Klüver-Bucy syndrome?

A

Wild and fearful behavior

89
Q

Apraxia is the

A

inability to carry out certain acts, although paralysis or weakness is not evident

90
Q

_______ is a severe mental disorder that can be triggered by events such as the sudden death of a loved one, combat, kidnapping, or abuse

A

Posttraumatic stress disorder

91
Q

What allows us to understand others’ actions and emotional states?

A

Mirror neurons

92
Q

Sleep researchers utilize ______ to monitor skeletal muscles.

A

EMG

93
Q

Ballistic movements depend on ____-loop mechanisms

A

Open

94
Q

Which sensor protects us against excessive muscle contraction?

A

Golgi tendon organ

95
Q

_____ signal extrafusal fibers to contract.

A

Alpha motor neurons

96
Q

Cortical area ____ neurons encode information about muscles and movements.

A

M1

97
Q

The _____ participates in the programming, timing, and coordination of movements

A

The cerebellum participates in the programming, timing, and coordination of movements

98
Q

Which model of emotion incorporated a cognitive component?

A

Schatcher-Singer

99
Q

Which model proposed that emotion and arousal occur at the same time?

A

Cannon-Bard

100
Q

_____ modify how people express an emotion in a specific culture.

A

Display rules

101
Q

Infants become self-aware between _____ months

A

18-24 months

102
Q

Running a current through the _____ reliably produces self-stimulation

A

forebrain bundle

103
Q

Bilateral lesions of the _____ reduces fearfulness in primates.

A

amygdala

104
Q

The _____ inhibits impulsive decisions.

A

prefrontal cortex

105
Q

Low levels of which neurotransmitter is most closely linked to aggression?

A

Serotonin

106
Q

Psychopaths have a smaller _____ than normals.

A

prefrontal cortex

107
Q

Social withdrawal is a _____ of schizophrenia

A

negative symptom

108
Q

Twins are classified as ____ when they both are diagnosed with schizophrenia

A

Concordant

109
Q

The reduced brain metabolism seen in the prefrontal cortex when schizophrenics are challenged to sort cards is called _____.

A

hypofrontality

110
Q

Neuroleptic drugs that reduce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia blockade ___ receptors

A

D2

111
Q

Which drug blockades the NMDA receptor to produce a schizophrenic-like episode

A

PCP or ketamine

112
Q

Antidepressants that primarily interfere with serotonin reuptake are called _____.

A

SSRIs

113
Q

Which sleep stages are reduced in depressive disorder?

A

Stage 3 and 4

114
Q

At which receptors do benzodiazepines like Valium bind?

A

GABA-A

Biological psychology (3 decks)

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