practice quizzes for last test Flashcards
Ventricular enlargement of the brains of some patients with schizophrenia appears to develop from
decreases in the volume of adjacent neural tissue.
he notion of “first-rank” symptoms of schizophrenia is associated with
Kurt Schneider.
On the basis of studies of the properties of phencyclidine, a _______ hypothesis of schizophrenia has been advanced.
glutamate
MRI studies of the brains of people with Tourette’s syndrome have revealed that, on average, Tourette’s patients have _______ compared to normal subjects.
smaller motor cortex
In normal subjects, the substance dexamethasone
suppresses cortisol levels
Which medical condition may induce depression secondary to excessive secretion of ACTH?
Cushing’s syndrome
at least 40% of patients with panic disorder have anatomical anomalies of the
temporal lobes
People with panic disorder show increased metabolic activity of which region of the brain?
Parahippocampal gyrus
ufferers from combat-related PTSD may experience memory problems as a result of cell loss in the _______ produced by _______.
hippocampus; high levels of glucocorticoids
Depressed patients show _______ in REM sleep
Increase
Compared with the data from controls, PET scans of patients with depression show
increases in blood flow in the frontal cortex and amygdala.
Elaine Walker and E. Fuller Torrey are researchers who have studied
Schizophrenia
About _______% of severely disabled OCD patients who underwent cingulotomy benefited substantially.
33
The drug Prozac is an example of a
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
Hideyo Noguchi discovered the relationship between
psychosis and syphilis
A patient who is given L-dopa to control the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease may
develop schizophrenia-like symptoms.
According to Hans Selye, the initial response to stress is a state he called the
alarm reaction
A major difficulty with the cognitive theory of emotions is that
there may be a specific pattern of autonomic arousal for each emotion
Longitudinal studies have found that individual response stereotypy in autonomic responses to emotional stimuli
is invariant over the life span.
hildren who torture animals have been found to have
decreased levels of 5-HIAA in the CSF.
Papez’s circuit provides a model of the relationships of different regions in the limbic system involved in
emotional expression
Decorticate rage refers to
sudden, intense, poorly directed rage provoked by ordinary stimuli.
In humans, diminished cerebrospinal concentrations of serotonin metabolites are correlated with
aggression and violence
According to Alan J. Fridlund, a major role of facial expression is
to provide emphasis and direction in conversation
Research using fMRI suggests that feelings of romantic love, as opposed to friendship, are associated with reduced activity of the
posterior cingulate and amygdala.
Patients with damage to the amygdala do poorly at interpreting facial expressions as indicators of
trustworthiness
Studies have found that people presented with photographs of a model rate the face as more emotionally expressive if the photographs are
a composite of two left halves
According to John Cacioppo, evidence for autonomic differentiation within categories of emotions
remains inconclusive
In fear conditioning, the central nucleus of the amygdala transmits information through the _______ to evoke hormonal responses.
bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
William Redican, in his study of facial expressions of nonhuman primates, argued that the distinctive primate expression labeled grimace is analogous to human
fear or surprise.
Mark and Ervin have argued that some human violence is
related to temporal lobe seizure activity.
According to Lacey and Lacey, responses of various bodily systems show distinct patterns that are specific to the individual. They call this characteristic
ndividual response stereotypy.
According to Charles Darwin, facial expressions
are used for communication
A particular gene that has been found to be involved in some cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis may involve control of
copper/zinc superoxide dismutase.
In general, species that have large cerebellums tend to display _______ motor behavior
complex
A primary symptom of cerebellar pathology is
ataxic gait.
Nonprimary motor areas are especially active
during the preparation of skilled movements
EMG studies have revealed that a voluntary movement of the arm is immediately preceded by
a postural response.
Myasthenia gravis is thought to be caused by
antibodies that attack acetylcholine receptors.
A high innervation ratio (1 motor neuron to 1000 extrafusal fibers) is associated with
powerful movements
low sustained movements are called _______ movements, and they exhibit _______ control.
ramp; closed-loop
Cerebellar activity is correlated more strongly with activity of _______, whereas basal ganglia activity is associated with activity of _______
the SMA; M1
Fetal cell transplants have been investigated as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease, but some patients exhibit
severe involuntary movements.
Muscles are connected to bone by
tendons.
Deafferentation of the limb of humans or other primates results in
Disuse
Complex, sequential behaviors are called
Action plans
Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy is a type of inherited muscle disorder that involves
a single gene located on the X chromosome.
One hypothesis about the basis of the depression seen in some Parkinson’s patients emphasizes the transmitter
Serotonin
According to Lacey and Lacey, individual differences in emotional responses to stimuli that can be detected in childhood
remain consistent throughout life.
The _______ is a complicated structure containing both afferent and efferent neural elements.
muscle spindle
The prevalence of psychiatric disorders is often surprising to many people. Indeed, as many as _______% of people will experience such a disorder during their lifetime.
30
The drug Valium is a type of
. benzodiazepine.
The _______ sensory ending transmits information about the central part of muscle spindles.
primary
Lesions of the _______ system do not cause paralysis, but they interfere with spinal reflexes.
corticospinal
During the initial phase of parachute training in men, testosterone levels
Decrease
A major difficulty with the cognitive theory of emotions is tha
there may be a specific pattern of autonomic arousal for each emotion
An MRI study of the brains of combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder revealed
a reduction in the volume of the right hippocampus.
The effect of REM deprivation on depression is
relief of the depression.
Contrasted with voluntary muscle, this kind of muscle is generally under involuntary control and lines such internal structures as the gastrointestinal tract.
Smooth muscle
Which of the following neurotransmitters has been linked to the rewarding effects of electrical stimulation of various brain regions?
Dopamine
he brain “monitors” the immune system closely. The achy and lethargic feelings of illness may be adaptive responses that force those who are ill to remain at rest. These symptoms could be related to increases in _______, which are also decreased by the administration of antidepressants.
cytokines
olgi tendon organs send information to the CNS when a muscle is
contracted
A drug that produces a potent schizophrenia-like state is
PCP
Presenting subjects with a visual cue previously associated with shock reportedly increases blood flow to the
amygdala
Trinucleotide repeats have been implicated in
Huntingtons disease
The brain affects the immune system through autonomic nerve fibers that innervate immune system organs such as the spleen and thymus gland. These fibers are usually _______ sympathetic postganglionic axons.
noradrenergic
Mad cow disease, also known as bovine spongiform encephalopathy, is a degenerative brain disease caused by
prions
e SMA (supplemental motor areas) are important for the encoding of _______ of movement.
sequences
u are squatting a weight that is too heavy for you. Suddenly, your quadriceps lose tension and you drop the weight. Which structure(s) in your muscles halted activity?
Golgi tendon organ
he basal ganglia play a role in determining the _______ and direction of movement
amplitude
The evolutionary perspective on emotions argues that they increase individual survival by
eliciting reactions to emergency events in the environment.
Research found that when rats face small amounts of stress early in life, they are better able to deal with stress effectively later in life. This phenomenon is called
stress immunization
Those that suffer from strokes could potentially suffer from apraxia. If a patient presented with ideomotor apraxia, what are they unable to do?
unable to carry out simple activities
Decreased activity of the _______ lobes is associated with the symptoms of schizophrenia
frontal
A proposed mechanism for addition involves this phenomenon, where an individual engages in behaviors that activate specific neural circuitry that is activated for such activities as eating and coitus
Brain self-stimulation
n schizophrenia there are several changes in the brain, including enlargement of some structures and reduction of others. Not all changes involve size, however; in the hippocampus there is a _______ of pyramidal cells
disorganization
The dexamethasone suppression test provides a neuroendocrine measure of
Depression
What is an effective treatment for SAD
benzodiazepine
The most significant feature of closed-loop control mechanisms is the provision for flow of information
from what is being controlled to the device that controls it.
The output of the cerebellum is carried by the axons of _______ cells, which have _______ synapses on neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei.
Purkinje; inhibitory
If you were fearful of speaking in front of a crowd, your amygdala would exhibit _______ processing, as opposed to _______ processing for when you see a bear in the woods.
high road; low road
Which of the following is not one of the pairs of opposing emotions proposed by Plutchik?
Pride versus embarrassment
The main neurotransmitter used in voluntary muscle contraction is
acetylcholine.
The neurotransmitter _______ is used in the mammalian neuromuscular junction.
acetylcholine
Individual males that suffer social defeat have been found to have _______ levels of testosterone
decreased
Fear conditioning, or “conditioned freezing,” is a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has been associated with a stressful stimulus such as shock. One brain structure, the _______, is crucially involved in this conditioning.
amygdala
n order to coordinate large-scale, complicated movements, this kind of neural circuitry is activated
Central pattern generators
Which of the following is not a component of the Klüver-Bucy syndrome?
Wild and fearful behavior
Apraxia is the
inability to carry out certain acts, although paralysis or weakness is not evident
_______ is a severe mental disorder that can be triggered by events such as the sudden death of a loved one, combat, kidnapping, or abuse
Posttraumatic stress disorder
What allows us to understand others’ actions and emotional states?
Mirror neurons
Sleep researchers utilize ______ to monitor skeletal muscles.
EMG
Ballistic movements depend on ____-loop mechanisms
Open
Which sensor protects us against excessive muscle contraction?
Golgi tendon organ
_____ signal extrafusal fibers to contract.
Alpha motor neurons
Cortical area ____ neurons encode information about muscles and movements.
M1
The _____ participates in the programming, timing, and coordination of movements
The cerebellum participates in the programming, timing, and coordination of movements
Which model of emotion incorporated a cognitive component?
Schatcher-Singer
Which model proposed that emotion and arousal occur at the same time?
Cannon-Bard
_____ modify how people express an emotion in a specific culture.
Display rules
Infants become self-aware between _____ months
18-24 months
Running a current through the _____ reliably produces self-stimulation
forebrain bundle
Bilateral lesions of the _____ reduces fearfulness in primates.
amygdala
The _____ inhibits impulsive decisions.
prefrontal cortex
Low levels of which neurotransmitter is most closely linked to aggression?
Serotonin
Psychopaths have a smaller _____ than normals.
prefrontal cortex
Social withdrawal is a _____ of schizophrenia
negative symptom
Twins are classified as ____ when they both are diagnosed with schizophrenia
Concordant
The reduced brain metabolism seen in the prefrontal cortex when schizophrenics are challenged to sort cards is called _____.
hypofrontality
Neuroleptic drugs that reduce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia blockade ___ receptors
D2
Which drug blockades the NMDA receptor to produce a schizophrenic-like episode
PCP or ketamine
Antidepressants that primarily interfere with serotonin reuptake are called _____.
SSRIs
Which sleep stages are reduced in depressive disorder?
Stage 3 and 4
At which receptors do benzodiazepines like Valium bind?
GABA-A
