Emotions, Aggression, and Stress Flashcards
Emotions
is a subjective mental state usually accompanied by distinctive movements (facial expressions, arm movements, shouting, etc.) as well as involuntary physiological changes (increase heart rate, shortness breath, excessive sweating, etc.).
James-Lange Theory
Suggest emotions we experience are caused by autonomic arousal.
Stimulus causes perception which causes a specific pattern of autonomic arousal which causes particular/specific emotion experienced.
What is wrong with James-Lange’s Theory?
It suggest that a specific pattern of autonomic arousal occurs. However there is no distinctive pattern for each emotion. Fear, surprise, and anger are all accompanied by sympathetic activation. While Joy and sadness are all accompanied by parasympathetic activation.
Stimulus—>Perception—>Specific pattern of autonomic arousal—>particular emotion experienced
Cannon-Bard theory
Suggest the brain decides which particular emotion is an appropriate response to stimuli.
According to this model, the cerebral cortex simultaneously decides on the appropriate response to stimuli (fear, surprise, joy, etc.) and activates the autonomic nervous system to prepare the body for action or rest. Emotion experience and physiology change in this model are independent of each other.
Folk psychology
Suggests that autonomic reactions are caused by emotions. “I was so hungry my stomach was churning”
Stimulus—> Perception—>Particular emotion experienced—>Specific pattern of autonomic arousal.
Schacter’s Cognitive attribution model
Like Cannon and Bard, emphasized cognitive mechanisms in emotions.
Under this model emotion labels are attributed to relatively nonspecific feelings of physiological arousal. Which emotion we experience depends on cognitive systems that assess the context our current social, physical, and psychological situation.
Suggest our emotional experience at one time can effect how we interpret later events.
Experiment modeling James-Lang theory
Subjects were injected with epinephrine (adrenaline) and was told there would be no effect or that their heart would race. Participant’s who were warned of the reaction reported no emotional experience but some of the subjects who were not warned, experienced emotions when their bodies responded to the drugs. This emotion depended on the emotion of the Confederate in the room. In the room of the “angry” confederate they were more likely to report feeling angry. While in the room with the “happy” confederate they were more likely to report feeling elated. This emotion was some what depended on emotion of the confederate.
Subjects that received epinephrine had higher reported intensity of emotions than those given the saline. Which the James-Lang theory would have predicted because bodily reactions are experienced as emotions. However autonomic response itself did not specify which emotion was being experienced, but the context of the environment but the autonomic responses intensified that experience.
What theory suggest that being in a theature of laughing people could help make you find the movie funnier?
Schacter’s Cognitive attribution model
% accuracy of lie detectors based on polygraph administrators Vs. impartial research?
95% versus 65%
Lie Detectors measure what?
Multiple physiological measures in an attempt to detect during lying during a carefully structured interview. Test is based on the assumption that people have emotional responses when lying due to fear of detection or guilt. These emotions have bodily responses that accompany them, such as heart rate, respiratory rate, BP rate, and skin conductance changes.
fMRI and lie detection
Some scientist believe the fMRI can help indicate lying. Fear results in activation of the amygdala that in cases of deception, may be visible. That this area may be more active during a lie.
One formation suggest there are 8 basic emotions grouped in 4 patterns of opposites. What are they
Joy/sadness affection/disgust anger/fear expectation/surprise ...with all other emotions arising from the combinations of this basic array.
The 8 basic emotions suggested have corresponding emotions of lower and higher intensity. What are they?
Low int. —>medium int.—>high intensity
happiness —> Joy —> Ecstasy
Regard —> Affection —> Adoration
Apprehension —> Fear —-> Terror
Distraction —> Surprise—> Amazement
Defensiveness —> Sadness —> Grief
Boredom —> Disgust —> Loathing
Annoyance —> Anger —> Rage
Alertness —> Expectation —> Vigilance
According to Paul Ekman there are 8 distinctive expressions, that are interpreted similarly across cultures what are they?
Anger
Sadness
happiness (lower intensity of 1 of 8 basic emotions, Joy)
fear
disgust
surprise
contempt (not one of the 8 basic emotions)
embarrassment (not one of the 8 basic emotions)
Their is cross-cultural similarities in production of expression specific to particular emotions. However there is disagreement between isolated nonliterate groups and westerners about recognizing what expressions? what does this suggest?
Disagreement between Surprise and disgust.
The Subtle cultural differences suggested that cultures prescribe to rules for facial expressions and that they control and enforce rules by cultural conditioning.
According to Fridlund, a major role of facial expression is what ?
Paralinguistics: face is accessory to verbal communication, providing emphasis and direction in conversation
People display few responses to odor when smelling alone but more in social settings, is an example of what
Paralinguistics
Bowlers who get a strike do not tend to smile until they turn around to meet the faces of onlookers. Is an example of what?
Paralinguistics.
Superficial facial muscles
Attach ONLY to the facial skin
change shape of the mouth, eyes, or nose.
The type of muscle that pulls on the attachment to the skin
Superficial facial muscles
The frontalis is an example of what type of muscle?
A superficial facial muscle; it wrinkles the forehead and raises the eyebrow.
Deep facial muscles
Attach to bone
Muscle enables movements such as chewing and large movements of the face.
Temporalis is an example of what type of muscle?
Deep facial muscle; its a powerful jaw muscle
Two cranial nerves that innervate facial muscles
facial nerve (VII) motor branch of the trigeminal nerve (V)
Facial nerve
nerve VIII
innervates superficial muscles of facial expression
Nerve fibers originate in the brain stem in the nucleus of the facial nerve then branch off into the upper and lower divisions shortly after entering the face.
The motor branch of the trigeminal nerve (V)
nerve V
Innervates muscles that move the jaw (e.g. temporalis)
Facial feedback Hypothesis
Suggest that sensory feedback from our facial expressions can affect out mood.
How does the Facial feedback Hypothesis support the James-Lange theory?
it supports the notion that sensations from our body influences is about our emotions.
How does botox affect emotions?
People who receive botox injections, paralyze facial muscles to relieve wrinkles, experience less intensity of emotions after treatment than before.
Chronic selective inhibition of facial musculature is a symptom of what?
Both Parkinson’s disease and Schizophrenia.
A virus can infect the facial nerves and damage it enough to cause what?
To cause paralysis of facial muscles. Like Bell palsy.
Bell’s Palsy
Usually only affects one side and includes symptoms of a drooping eyelid and mouth. Caused by a virus.
Darwin’s perspective on emotion encompassed what?
Darwin’s perspective encompassed behavioral phenomena- the apparent emotional expression of various mammals- as well as the physiological mechanisms of emotional display; such as facial muscles and innervation.
Darwin emphasized that humans and what have the same facial muscles?
Humans and nonhuman primates
Redican noted distinct facial expressions in nonhuman primates and humans.
grimace = human expression of fear or surprise
tense mouth = human expression for anger
Play face = human laugh
~ of babies considered high reactives?
20%
About 1/3rd of high reactives went on and developed _____ in contrast to the normal ____%
phobias; 10%
Luver-bucy syndrome
an extraordinarily taming effect that occurred when when large portion om monkey’s temporal lobe were removed.
lesion of the entire amygdala doeas what
completely abolishes fear
lesion on the central nucleus of amygdala does what
completely abolishes fear, preventing blood pressure effects, and freezing behavior to a conditioned stimulus
“low road”
direct projection from thalamus to amygdala for fear response , bypassing conscious processing and allows immediate reaction to fearful stimuli.
“high road”
pathway that routes oncoming information through sensory cortex, allowing for slower, fine-grained, and integrated with higher-level cognitive processes, such as memory.
observational fear learning
which fear is potentially harmful stimuli learned through social transmission. Contributions from prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate
patients with lesions to the right parietal or temporal cortex are described as
cheerful and indifferent to their loss
patients with strokes suffered involving left cerebral hemisphere have highest frequency of ______
depressive episodes.
love compared to friendship involves what?
increased activity in insula and anterior cingulate cortex. while reduced activity in amygdala and posterior cingulate nad in rightprefromtal cortex.
