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Practice quiz & Post test questions Flashcards

1
Q

A sample is a part of a larger…
construct
statistics
population
distribution

A

population

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2
Q

A bivariate analysis typically focuses on…
symmetrical distributions.
two participants at a time.
causal inference.
the association of two variables.

A

the association of two variables.

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3
Q

Inferential statistics are typically contrasted with _____ statistics.
hypothesized
descriptive
null
representative

A

descriptive

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4
Q

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of experiments?
Manipulations
Laboratory setting
Representative groups
Biological measures

A

Manipulations

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5
Q

The respondent’s gender is typically recorded as a(n) _____ variable.
ratio
ordinal
nominal
interval

A

nominal

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6
Q

In an experiment, the variable that the researcher manipulates is called the _____ variable.
skewed
dependent
observational
independent

A

independent

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7
Q

Which is bigger: a sample or a population?
they are always the same
a population
a sample
cannot be determined

A

a population

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8
Q

A variable that classifies people into racial or ethnic groups is what level of measurement?
interval
ratio
nominal
ordinal

A

nominal

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9
Q

The number of students enrolled in a school each year is an example of which level of measurement?
interval
ordinal
nominal
ratio

A

ratio

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9
Q

Which level of measurement has a true zero point?
ratio
interval
nominal
ordinal

A

ratio

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10
Q

If a researcher is able to survey 99% of all students enrolled in statistics classes at a college, then that researcher has gathered data from a(n)…
population
skewed distribution
experimental group
sample

A

sample

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11
Q

The variable that is measured as the outcome in an experiment is called the _____ variable.
pattern
dependent
quasi-experimental
independent

A

dependent

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12
Q

Temperature in celsius or Fahrenheit (but not Kelvin) is measured at which level of measurement?
interval
nominal
ordinal
ratio

A

interval

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12
Q

The amount of time that a person spends on social media each week in minutes is a(n) _____ variable.
ordinal
interval
ratio
nominal

A

ratio

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13
Q

If the number of games a team has lost in a season is subtracted from the number of games that they won in that season, the resulting variable would be at the _____ level of measurement.
ordinal
nominal
ratio
interval

A

interval

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14
Q

The only level of measurement that does not place scores or categories into order (and is therefore the lowest level of measurement) is the _____ level of measurement.
ordinal
ratio
nominal
interval

A

nominal

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15
Q

The highest level of measurement (i.e., the one that contains the most information) is the _____ level of measurement.
ordinal
nominal
interval
ratio

A

ratio

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15
Q

If a person’s sex is coded as Male = 0 or Female = 1, then that variable is at the _____ level of measurement.
ratio
ordinal
interval
nominal

A

nominal

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16
Q

If a person’s sex is coded as Male = 1 or Female = 2, then that variable is at the _____ level of measurement.
ratio
nominal
interval
ordinal

A

nominal

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17
Q

If a person’s sex is recorded as “Male” or “Female,” then that variable is at the _____ level of measurement.
ratio
nominal
ordinal
interval

A

nominal

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18
Q

A question that asks a person which religion (if any) they identify with is at the _____ level of measurement.
ordinal
interval
ratio
nominal

A

nominal

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19
Q

A question that asks a person how strong their motivations for religious participation are using a 1-7 rating scale is at _____ level of measurement.
the inverse
the continuous
either the ordinal or the interval
either the nominal or the ratio

A

either the ordinal or the interval

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20
Q

In an experiment that looks at the effect of different teaching methods on student learning, the independent variable is…
scores on a standardized exam.
the number of students involved.
inherently unknowable.
teaching method.

A

Teaching method

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20
Q

A question that asks how many times a person attends religious services each year is at the _____ level of measurement.
ratio
nominal
interval
ordinal

A

Ratio

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21
Q

For a study to be considered an experiment, it must have…
- a sample of at least 30 participants.
- a manipulation.
- ratio level measurements on all variables.
- no more than two variables.

A

a manipulation.

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22
Q

If a web marketer compares the effectiveness of two online ads in getting clicks by gathering data from 3 million Internet shoppers, the population of interest is…
the two online ads.
the 3 million Internet shoppers.
all Internet shoppers.
all shoppers.

A

all Internet shoppers.

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23
Q

A population can never be…
made up people of just one sex.
smaller than one of its samples.
accurately described.
larger than one of its samples.

A

smaller than one of its samples.

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24
Q

A univariate analysis typically focuses on…
one variable at a time.
cause and effect.
un-varying values.
a uniform group of participants.

A

one variable at a time.

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25
Q

A question that asks whether a person believes they are more creative, less creative, or just as creative as other people is at the _____ level of measurement.
ratio
ordinal
interval
nominal

A

ordinal

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26
Q

A score’s frequency is determined by…
how often it occurs in the data set.
its percentile score in the data set.
its absolute value.
how close it is to the mean of the data set.

A

how often it occurs in the data set.

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27
Q

A variable that records how many seconds it take for a person to spell a word backwards is at the _____ level of measurement.
nominal
interval
ordinal
ratio

A

Ratio

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28
Q

What is the frequency of 4 in the following data set?

1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5

12-14
3
4/5
3/15

A

3

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29
Q

Which type of chart would be most appropriate for a nominal variable?
scatterplot
histogram
boxplot
bar graph

A

Bar graph

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30
Q

A distribution with two distinct peaks can be described as…
mesokurtic.
bimodal.
normal.
uniform.

A

Bimodal

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30
Q

A distribution such as income that has most of the people at the bottom or middle but a few people with extremely high scores, is referred to as…
positively skewed.
bimodal.
unrepresentative.
negatively skewed.

A

positively skewed.

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31
Q

The distribution below is…

LOOK AT PIC 1 in notes

positively skewed
uniformly distributed
normally distributed
negatively skewed

A

positively skewed

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31
Q

A chart of this type is called a…
(look at pic #1 in notes)
scatterplot
box plot
histogram
bar chart

A

histogram

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32
Q

A chart of this type is called a…

LOOK AT PIC 2 NOTES

scatterplot
box plot
bar chart
histogram

A

box plot

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33
Q

What is the frequency of 2 in the following data set:

1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5

3-6
4
4/15
2

A

4

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34
Q

A histogram is appropriate when the data are…
categorical.
quantitative.
ordinal.
from a representative sample.

A

quantitative.

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35
Q

Which of the following distributions is leptokurtic?
LOOK AT PIC #3

None of them
1
3
2

A

2

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36
Q

This distribution can be described as…

LOOK AT PIC #4

uniform
normal
mesokurtic
bimodal

A

bimodal

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37
Q

One visual difference between a bar chart and a histogram is that in a histogram…
- the height of the bars indicates the value on X.
- the adjacent bars touch but in a bar chart they are separate.
- the bars can be placed in any order.
- the bars indicate group membership.

A

the adjacent bars touch but in a bar chart they are separate.

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38
Q

A normal distribution has a value of skewness that is _____.
negative
positive
near zero
unmeasured

A

near zero

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39
Q

In this boxplot, the circles on the indicate…

the only measured data points.
missing data.
outliers.
uncertain values.

A

outliers.

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40
Q

The normal distribution is…
uniform
negatively skewed
bimodal
mesokurtic

A

mesokurtic

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41
Q

Which of the following distributions is mesokurtic?
LOOK AT PIC #3

2
1
3
None of them

A

1

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42
Q

A frequency bar graph would be most appropriate for which measurement scales?
Nominal or interval
Ordinal or ratio
Nominal or ordinal
Interval or ratio

A

Nominal or ordinal

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43
Q

What is the frequency of 4 in the following data set?

1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5

3
5.00
4.00
0.20

A

3

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44
Q

What is the frequency of 1 in the following data set?

1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5

2/15
2
1-2
1/5

A

2

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45
Q

A distribution that has two distinct peaks is referred to as..
bimodal.
two-dimensional.
the standard error.
bivariate.

A

bimodal.

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46
Q

A histogram is not appropriate when the data are…
- measured with an unknown level of accuracy.
- at the nominal or ordinal level of measurement.
- at the interval or ratio level of measurement.
- from a convenience (i.e., nonrepresentative) sample.

A

at the nominal or ordinal level of measurement.

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47
Q

A normal distribution generally has _____ skew.
correlational
positive
no
negative

A

no

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48
Q

What is the frequency of 3 in the following data set?

1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5

The mode
1/5
The median
5

A

5

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49
Q

A uniform distribution…
is platykurtic.
is leptokurtic.
has an undefined level of kurtosis.
is mesokurtic.

A

A uniform distribution…
is platykurtic.

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50
Q

This figure is… (PIC #5 in notes)
a histogram.
distorted by missing data.
inappropriate for a quantitative outcome.
a bar chart.

A

A histogram

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51
Q

This predictor variable in this chart… (PIC #6)

rates of Hodgkin Lymphoma.
age.
categorical.
bimodal.

A

Age

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52
Q

The blue box in this chart represents… (PIC #7)

the most frequently occurring score (i.e. the mode).

one standard deviation above and below the mean.

the range of measurement error.

the range for the middle 50% of scores.

A

the range for the middle 50% of scores.

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52
Q

This distribution is… (PIC #8)

negatively skewed.
bimodal.
at the nominal level of measurement.
unimodal.

A

Unimodal

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53
Q

Which measure of central tendency works for nominal variables?
Median
Mean
No measures work for nominal variables
Mode

A

Mode

54
Q

Which measure of central tendency is most appropriate for skewed distributions?
Mean
No measure is appropriate
Median
Mode

A

Median

55
Q

When a histogram or polygon chart for a quantitative variable has two distinct peaks, then the distribution is referred to as _____.
bimodal
unimodal
dichotomous
symmetrical

A

Bimodal

56
Q

The three most common measures of central tendency are:
variance, standard deviation, IQR
inferential, descriptive, explanatory
mean, median, mode
nominal, ordinal, ratio

A

mean, median, mode

56
Q

What is the mode for the following data set?

1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 7+

4
7+
2
Cannot be determined

A

2

57
Q

What is the median for the following data set?

1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 7+

2
7+
Cannot be determined
4

A

4

58
Q

What is the median for these data?

5, 1, 1, 3, 2

2
2.4
cannot be calculated
1

A

2

59
Q

What is the minimum level of measurement needed to calculate the mode?
nominal
interval
ordinal
ratio

A

Nominal

60
Q

Which of these measures is LEAST affected by outliers?
standard deviation
median
mean
geometric mean

A

Median

61
Q

Which of the following is NOT a measure of central tendency?
standard deviation
median
mode
mean

A

standard deviation

61
Q

Which measure of central tendency is LEAST efficient?
mean
all are the same
median
mode

A

mode

62
Q

What is the minimum level of measurement needed to calculate the median?
ordinal
ratio
interval
nominal

A

Ordinal

63
Q

What is the mean for these data?

3, 1, 2, 5, 3, 4

3
cannot be calculated
6
3.5

A

3

64
Q

Which measure of central tendency is MOST influenced by outliers?
median
mode
all are the same
mean

A

mean

65
Q

In a negatively skewed distribution, which measure will generally have the highest value?
median
mean
all are the same
mode

A

mode

66
Q

In a positively skewed distribution, which measure will generally have the highest value?
mode
median
mean
all are the same

A

Mean

67
Q

What is the minimum level of measurement needed to calculate the mean?
ratio
nominal
ordinal
interval

A

interval

68
Q

Which measure of central tendency is MOST affected by outliers?
mean
median
mode
all are the same

A

mean

69
Q

What is the mean for these data?

3, 1, 2, 5+, 2, 4

cannot be calculated
3
6
2.5

A

cannot be calculated

70
Q

Which of these measures of central tendency works for nominal variables?
Both the mean and the median work for nominal variables.
The median
Neither the mean nor the median works for nominal variables.
The mean

A

Neither the mean nor the median works for nominal variables.

70
Q

What is the median for these data?

3, 1, 2, 5+, 2, 4

6
3
cannot be calculated
2.5

A

2.5

71
Q

When a histogram for a quantitative variable has only one distinct peak, then the distribution is referred to as…

unimodal.
normal.
symmetrical.
ideal.

A

unimodal.

72
Q

For which levels of measurement can you calculate the mode?
Interval only
Ordinal only
Both ordinal and interval
Neither ordinal nor interval

A

Both ordinal and interval

73
Q

What is the mode for the following data set?

1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 7+

7+
Cannot be determined
2
3

A

2

74
Q

Which of these measures is MOST affected by outliers?
The mean
The mode
The median
They are all affected identically

A

The mean

75
Q

Which of the following measures of central tendency can be used with data on the ratio level of measurement?
The mean only
Neither the mean nor the mode
The mode only
The mean or the mode

A

The mean or the mode

76
Q

What is the mean for these data?

4, 2, 3, 6, 4, 5

5
Cannot be calculated
4
4.5

A

4

77
Q

Which measure of central tendency is always influenced by outliers?
The median
The mean
They are all affected identically
The mode

A

The mean

78
Q

What is the highest level of measurement?
Nominal
Interval
Ratio
Ordinal

A

Ratio

79
Q

What is the mode for these data?

3, 1, 2, 5+, 2, 4

2.5
2
6
Cannot be calculated

A

2

80
Q

When open-ended scores are present in the data, which measure of variability is most appropriate?
Standard deviation
Quartiles (such as the interquartile range)
Median
Range (i.e., high and low scores)

A

Quartiles (such as the interquartile range)

81
Q

When data are negatively skewed, which measure of variability is most appropriate?
Range (i.e., high and low scores)
Standard deviation
Quartiles (such as the interquartile range)
Median

A

Quartiles (such as the interquartile range)

82
Q

Which measure requires a degrees of freedom calculation?
Population range
Sample IQR
Population standard deviation
Sample variance

A

Sample variance

82
Q

For a normal distribution, which measure of variability is most efficient (in the statistical sense)?
Median
Range (i.e., high and low scores)
Quartiles (such as the interquartile range)
Standard deviation

A

Standard deviation

83
Q

A narrow distribution that is sharply pointed in the middle and that has many outliers is called…
platykurtic.
positively skewed.
leptokurtic.
negatively skewed.

A

leptokurtic.

84
Q

Which measure of variation is most influenced by outliers?
range
standard deviation
variance
IQR

A

Range

85
Q

What is the sample standard deviation for this data set?

3, 4, 2, 4, 7

1.87
2.8
5
20

A

1.87

85
Q

Compared to a mesokurtic distribution, the peak of platykurtic distribution is…
skewed.
generally bimodal.
narrower.
not as high.

A

not as high.

85
Q

One good use of the range is to…
help in calculations of the standard deviation.
separate groups of cases.
identify missing values.
check for outliers.

A

check for outliers.

86
Q

For a normal distribution, skewness…
cannot be calculated.
is always calculated with the population formula.
is equal to 0.
is positive.

A

is equal to 0.

86
Q

If the formula for the population standard deviation were used with sample data, then result would be…
impossible to calculate.
identical.
too small.
too big.

A

too small.

87
Q

What is the range for this data set?

5, 1, 2, 6, 5

2
cannot be calculated
6
5

A

5

88
Q

Compared to a mesokurtic distribution, the tails of a leptokurtic distribution…
are longer.
have fewer outliers.
cannot be trimmed.
are shorter.

A

are longer.

88
Q

If scores in a data set are very different from each other, then the standard deviation…
will be high.
will be biased for the sample.
cannot be calculated.
will be low.

A

will be high

89
Q

What is the population variance for this data set?

4, 1, 6, 1

cannot be calculated with n < 10
5
4.5
2.12

A

4.5

90
Q

Which measure of variation is LEAST sensitive to outliers?
all are the same
range
IQR
standard deviation

A

IQR

91
Q

For a normal distribution, kurtosis is…
undefined.
1.
0.
negative.

A

0

92
Q

What is the IQR for this data set?

6, 4, 6, 6, 1, 6, 3, 4

0.5
5
2.5
cannot be calculated

A

2.5

93
Q

When scores in a data set are very close to one another, then the variance…
must be based on n > 50.
cannot be calculated.
will be biased for samples.
will be close to 0.

A

will be close to 0

93
Q

What is the range for this data set?

5, 3, 7+, 1, 4

6
cannot be calculated
6+
1

A

cannot be calculated

94
Q

What are the values of skewness and kurtosis for a normal distribution?
skewness = 0 and kurtosis = 0
skewness = 0 and kurtosis = 1
Cannot be calculated without additional information
skewness = 1 and kurtosis = 1

A

skewness = 0 and kurtosis = 0

94
Q

What is the interquartile range (IQR) for the these data:

0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4+

1
Cannot be calculated
2
4+

A

1

94
Q

What is the range for the following dataset:

0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5

Cannot be calculated
6
1.5
5

A

5

95
Q

What is the sample standard deviation for the following data?

2, 2, 3, 4, 4

1
4
0.80
Cannot be calculated

A

1

95
Q

What does the label “Q2” refer to?
The 20th percentile
The median score or the 50th percentile
The second missing value
The maximum score

A

The median score or the 50th percentile

96
Q

What is the population variance for the following data? 4, 5, 5, 6
0.66
2
Cannot be calculated
0.5

A

0.5

97
Q

What does the symbol o2
stand for?
The sample variance
The sample standard deviation
The population standard deviation
The population variance

A

The population variance

98
Q

Compared to a mesokurtic distribution, the peak of a leptokurtic distribution is…
shorter and broader.
near the minimum value on Y.
narrower and higher.
near the maximum value on X.

A

narrower and higher.

99
Q

What is the degrees of freedom for the sample variance?
n - 2
n
n - 1
n - k - 1

A

n - 1

100
Q

What is the relationship between the standard deviation and the variance?
The standard deviation is for sample and the variance is for populations
The standard deviation is the square root of the variance
The standard deviation is the square of the variance
The standard deviation is for interval or ratio variables but the variance is for ratio variables only

A

The standard deviation is the square root of the variance

101
Q

When a distribution of raw scores is converted to z-scores, the shape of the distributions…
approaches a normal distribution.
is unpredictable.
flattens out to a uniform distribution.
remains the same.

A

remains the same.

102
Q

When a distribution of raw scores is converted to z-scores, the mean and standard deviation of the distribution will be…
different but unpredictable.
M = 0, SD = 1.
M = 1, SD = 0.
the same as they were before.

A

M = 0, SD = 1.

103
Q

If a person has a z-score of 1 on a test, then their score is…
one standard deviation above the mean.
the only score in the distribution (i.e., n = 1).
one point above the raw score mean.
the same as it was before.

A

one standard deviation above the mean.

104
Q

What percent of the normal distribution is within one standard deviation of the mean (i.e., |z| < 1)?
99.7%
68%
1%
Cannot be calculated without additional information

A

68%

105
Q

If a distribution has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 5, then a raw score of 68 would have a z-score of…
Cannot be calculated
-18
18
3.6

A

3.6

106
Q

In a normal distribution, what percent of the distribution is within between z = -3 and z = +3?
6%
68%
99.7%
50%

A

99.7%

106
Q

No matter what the shape of a distribution, if it is converted to z-scores, then its mean will be…
Cannot be determined
same as the original distribution.
1.
0.

A

0

107
Q

Which z-score is furthest from the mean of its distribution?
-.089
-1.6
0.00
1.9

A

1.9

108
Q

No matter what the shape of a distribution, if it is converted to z-scores, then its standard deviation will be…
the same as the original distribution.
Cannot be determined
1.
0.

A

1

108
Q

What is the value of skewness for a normal distribution?
1
Infinite
Cannot be calculated
0

A

0

109
Q

In a data set with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10, what z-score would a raw score of 35 have?
+1.5
15
35
-1.5

A

-1.5

110
Q

In a normal distribution, which measure of central tendency has the highest value?
The mean
The median
The mode
All are the same

A

All are the same

111
Q

If a person has a z-score of +2, what would their raw score be in a distribution with a mean of 20 and a standard deviation of 3?
23
2
26
43

A

26

112
Q

In most distributions, nearly all (more than 99%) of the sample scores will be within what range of z-scores?
0 to 1
-2 to +2
Cannot be specified without additional information
-3 to +3

A

-3 to +3

113
Q

What percent of the normal distribution has |z| < 1 (i.e., an absolute value less than 1)?
68%
34%
1%
95%

A

68%

114
Q

If a distribution of 144 scores with a mean of 52 and a standard deviation of 12 is standardized, then the new distribution’s mean will be _____.
0
12
52
1

A

0

115
Q

If the mean of a sample is 5 and the standard deviation is 2, then what is the z-score for a raw score of 8?
7
3
8
1.5

A

1.5

116
Q

What is the value of kurtosis for a normal distribution?
Infinite
1
0
Cannot be calculated

A

0

117
Q

What percent of the normal distribution is between z = -1 and z = 0?
13.6%
99.7%
34%
68%

A

34%

118
Q

What are the values of skewness and kurtosis for a normal distribution?
skewness = 0 and kurtosis = 0
skewness = 0 and kurtosis = 1
skewness = 1 and kurtosis = 1
Cannot be calculated without additional information

A

skewness = 0 and kurtosis = 0

118
Q

For a distribution with M = 80 and SD = 6, what is the X score for a person who has a z-score of -1.5?
Cannot be determined
71
78.5
-1.5

A

71

119
Q

If a positively skewed distribution with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15 is standardized, then the shape of the new distribution will be…
positively skewed.
normal.
uniform.
Cannot be determined

A

positively skewed.

120
Q

What percent of a normal distribution is below a z-score of +1?
100%
84%
50%
34%

A

84%

121
Q

The standard normal distribution…
is a bell curve with M & SD equal to the raw score distribution.
is a distribution with the same shape as the raw score distribution but with M = 0 and SD = 1.
is a bell curve with M = 0 and SD = 1.
cannot exist; the terms are contradictory.

A

is a bell curve with M = 0 and SD = 1

122
Q

If a person got a z-score of -2 on a test that had a mean of 80 and a standard deviation of 5, then what was their raw score?
75
90
70
78

A

70

122
Q

In a positively skewed distribution, which measure of central tendency has the highest value?
The mean
The mode
All are the same
The median

A

the mean

123
Q

For a distribution with M = 100 and SD = 15, what is the z-score for a raw score of 112?
+0.8
-3
0
+12

A

+0.8

123
Q

Which z-score is closest to the mean of its distribution?
-0.9
100
-1.6
1

A

-0.9

123
Q

In a unimodal distribution with a mean of 80 and standard deviation of 20, what would the z-score be for a raw score of 80?
1
Undefined
0
-1

A

0

124
Q

In a bimodal distribution with a mean of 80 and standard deviation of 20, what would the z-score be for a raw score of 80?
1
0
-1
Undefined

A

0

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