PRACTICE QUIZ FOR MIDTERM 1

Question 1

Choose the option containing the highest to lowest number of alpha-(1-6) glycosidic bonds?

a. Amylose, amylopectin, and glycogen
b. Amylose, glycogen, and amylopectin
c. Glycogen, amylopectin, isomaltose
d. Glycogen, Cellulose, amylopectin
e. Cellulose, amylose, and amylopectin

Answer 1

c. Glycogen, amylopectin, isomaltose

Question 2

Which types of carbohydrates are fermented in the colon by the gut microbiota?

a. Resistant starches, verbacose, and pectin
b. Hemicellulose, lignin, and resistant starches
c. Raffinose, cellulose, and lignin
d. Stachyose, lignin, and cellulose
e. Pectin, lignin, and cellulose

Answer 2

a. Resistant starches, verbacose, and pectin

Question 3

What is the definition of glycemic load (GL)?

a. Is the glycemic response to food containing 50g of carbohydrate
b. Is the degree and duration of elevated glycemia after a meal compared to bread
c. Is the reference value of glucose content in foods
d. Is the glycemic index normalized by serving standards
e. Is the area under the curve of blood glucose after ingesting 50g of carbohydrate

Answer 3

d. Is the glycemic index normalized by serving standards

Question 4

Regarding enterocytes, which option below is incorrect?

a. Selectively absorb water in the cecum
b. Are replaced approximately every 3 to 5 days
c. Contain a brush border where disaccharidases are found
d. Absorb digested nutrients and direct then either towards the bloodstream or the lymphatics
e. Cover the surface of the small intestine

Answer 4

a. Selectively absorb water in the cecum

Question 5

Which statement below is correct?

a. Neurons require insulin for the activation of GLUT3
b. GLUT1 and GLUT3 and the main glucose transporters in the liver
c. GLUT1 and GLUT2 are both expressed in enterocytes
d. Liver, enterocytes and beta pancreatic cells express GLUT2
e. Muscle and adipose tissue essentially rely on GLUT1 for glucose uptake in the fed state

Answer 5

d. Liver, enterocytes and beta pancreatic cells express GLUT2

Question 6

Which option below most likely increases the mass of the fecal matter?

a. Ingestion of plant-derived foods
b. Ingestion of large amounts of liquid with the food
c. Ingestion of foods rich in protein
d. Ingestion of foods rich in starch
e. None of the above

Answer 6

a. Ingestion of plant-derived foods

Question 7

Choose the correct statement below

a. Lactose is the only type of carbohydrate that contains beta-(1-4) glycosidic bonds
b. Lactase, sucrase, and isomaltase are enzymes that are mixed with chyme in the pyloric region
c. Dextrins and limit dextrins act on isomaltose to cleave its alpha-(1-6) glycosidic bonds
d. Disaccharidases originate in the pancreas
e. Dextrinase/glucoamylose is an enzyme that cleaves oligossacharides and produces isomaltose

Answer 7

e. Dextrinase/glucoamylose is an enzyme that cleaves oligossacharides and produces isomaltose

Question 8

Which statement below is correct?

a. Vitamin K and acetic, butyric, and propionic acids are produced by bacteria living in the large intestine
b. Humans require the intake of 20 essential amino acids
c. Enzymes and antibodies are considered micronutrients
d. The content of lipids and protein combined accounts for most of the total body mass in humans
e. Peristaltic waves allow the stomach to stretch and accommodate food

Answer 8

a. Vitamin K and acetic, butyric, and propionic acids are produced by bacteria living in the large intestine

Question 9

What nutrients leave enterocytes via lymphatics?

a. Galactose and leucine
b. Phospholipids and glucose
c. Glucose and galactose
d. Vitamin D and phospholipids
e. Fructose and cholesterol

Answer 9

d. Vitamin D and phospholipids

Question 10

With regards to the formation of gallstones, which statement below is correct?

a. It blocks the flow of bile from the liver to the gallbladder and causes choledocholitiasis
b. It is formed when bile becomes supersaturated with triglycerides and cholesterol
c. Crystalline-like structures containing calcium, bilirubin, phospholipids and other compounds
d. It is formed in the pancreas and block the release of pancreatic juice
e. It impairs the ability of the liver to produce bile and cause choledocholithiasis

Answer 10

c. Crystalline-like structures containing calcium, bilirubin, phospholipids and other compounds

Question 11

Choose the correct statement below

a. Peristaltic waves allow the stomach to stimulate the pancreas to release pancreatic juice
b. SGLT1 is the main glucose transporter in the small intestine
c. Most water absorption takes place in the descending colon of the large intestine
d. The brush border is formed by projections of the apical membrane of enterocytes
e. Amylose and amylopectin are equally distributed in potatoes

Answer 11

d. The brush border is formed by projections of the apical membrane of enterocytes

Question 12

Which below are not effects of dietary fiber in the large intestine?

a. Function as prebiotics
b. Adsorb hydrophobic carcinogens
c. Provide a source of energy for epithelial cells
d. Reduce fecal volume and colonic blood flow
e. Support growth and differentiation of colonic cells

Answer 12

d.Reduce fecal volume and colonic blood flow

Question 13

Of the foods listed below, which one has the highest content of added sugars?

a. Snacks and sweets
b. Beverages
c. Grains
d. Fruits
e. Dairy

Answer 13

b. Beverages

Question 14

Choose the incorrect statement below

a. Bile acids serve to excrete by-products of erythrocyte metabolism
b. The pH of bile is very acidic
c. Bile is mostly composed of chenodeoxycholic acid
d. Pancreatic juice contains bicarbonate, electrolytes, and digestive enzymes
e. Liver, gallbladder, and pancreas assist the digestive process

Answer 14

b. The pH of bile is very acidic

Question 15

With respect to the composition of feces, choose the correct statement below

a. It’s rich in undigested protein and bacteria
b. It’s mostly made up of inorganic waste products
c. It’s mostly made up of stachyose, raffinose, and verbacose
d. It’s made up of a small fraction of undigested proteins
e. It’s mostly made up of bilirubin and biliverdin

Answer 15

d. It’s made up of a small fraction of undigested proteins

Question 16

What are villi?

a. Finger-like projections made up mostly of goblet cells that line up the small intestine
b. Structures made up mostly of enterocytes that increase the surface area of the small intestine
c. Hair-like projections on the surface of enterocytes that increase the surface area of the small intestine
d. Wrinkles in the intestinal lumen that secrete mucus
e. Finger-like projections that selectively absorb nutrients and cover the entire GI tract

Answer 16

b. Structures made up mostly of enterocytes that increase the surface area of the small intestine

Question 17

With regards to enterocytes, which option below is correct?

a. Provide a barrier between the lumen of the entire digestive system and the blood
b. Are renewed every 3 to 5 days and play a major role in the digestion and absorption of amylopectin
c. Are cells that control water and Na absorption in the lumen of the large intestine
d. Without them, the intestine would absorb all nutrients indiscriminately
e. Cells that depend on insulin to uptake glucose after a meal

Answer 17

b. Are renewed every 3 to 5 days and play a major role in the digestion and absorption of amylopectin

Question 18

Choose the correct statement below

a. After an overnight fast, the brain is deprived of glucose
b. Brain metabolism increases and reduces under resting and exercising conditions, respectively
c. The BBB displays great permeability to lipid soluble molecules
d. Brain produces and utilizes ketones when glucose is scarce
e. Neurons oxidize most of the substrate they use for energy production

Answer 18

e. Neurons oxidize most of the substrate they use for energy production

Question 19

Choose the incorrect statement below

a. Insulin is required for hepatic glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis after a meal
b. Insulin suppresses lipolysis and promotes lipogenesis in the adipose tissue
c. During fasting glycemia is maintained by hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
d. Liver and skeletal muscles are the organs that store most of the glycogen in the body
e. In the fed state, skeletal muscle and adipose tissues clear most of the glucose entering the circulation

Answer 19

a. Insulin is required for hepatic glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis after a meal

Question 20

Which statement below is correct?

a. Gastrin stimulates HCl release by acting in a paracrine manner
b. Most HCl is released in the stomach during the cephalic and intestinal phases
c. Parietal/oxyntic and chief/zymogenic cells are found in the gastric pits
d. The flow of chyme towards the pyloric canal is determined by oxyntic cells
e. Pepsinogen is the active protease in the stomach

Answer 20

c. Parietal/oxyntic and chief/zymogenic cells are found in the gastric pits