Practice Questions additional points Flashcards
What are 4 symptoms and 4 signs of hyperthyroid disease?
Sx: Weight loss, diarrhoea. fatigue, irritability, heat intolerance, sweating, increased appetite
Signs: Fine tremour, tachycardia, hair loss, ptosis, exophthalmos, pretibial myxoedema, acropachy, Hypertension
Risk factors for T2DM?
Hypercholesterolaemia
Obesity
Smoking
Male
Sedentary Lifestyle
Hypertension
2 Places where alpha adrenoceptors can be found and what they do?
Blood vessels - vasoconstrict
Sphincters - Contract
How do you avoid a hypertension crisis in phaeochromocytoma?
Phentolamine
4 short term side effects of chemotherapy treatment?
Sexual Dysfunction
Infection
Anaemia
Infection risk
Nausea and Vomiting
Alllopecia
What is the treatment for Febrile Neutropenia?
IV
Beta lactam
Piperacillin + Tazobactam (Tazocin)
What is a potential long term side effect of chemotherapy?
Tumour Lysis Syndrome
Why are iron studies a limited investigation when looking for iron deficiency anaemia?
Ferritin is an acute phase protein and therefore it will increase with inflammation
What is a key side effect of ferrous sulphate?
Turns stools black
Nausea and vomiting
Loss of appetite
constipation
diarrhoea
What are some treatments for haemophillia A?
Desmopressin
IV replacement of Factor VIII
List 3 signs you may see on an abdominal examination of a patient with a small bowel obstruction?
Abdominal Distension
Tinkling Bowel Sounds
Hyper resonant percussion
What is seen on an abdominal XRAY in a sigmoid Volvulus?
Coffee Bean Sign
What are some features seen systemically in a patient with Ulcerative colitis?
Uveitis/Episcleritis
Pyoderma Gangrenosum
Erythema Nodosum
Arthritis
What tests could you do other than biopsy and FBC/U&E to diagnose UC?
Faecal Calprotectin
P-ANCA
What are some investigations you would do to rule out other conditions in IBS?
tTg antibodies for coeliac
Faecal Calprotectin for IBD
What are some common exacerbating factors for IBS?
Stress
Fatty foods
Spicy Foods
Caffeine
Processed Foods
What are some complications of acute pancreatitis?
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Sepsis
Hypovolaemic Shock
DIC
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
What are some signs that may be found on examination of the hands in chronic liver disease?
Dupytrens Contracture
Palmer Erythema
Leukonychia
Finger Clubbing
Asterixis
What is the survival rate of pancreatic Cancer?
Very poor Prognosis
<3% 5 year Survival
What are the causes of Clubbing?
CLUBBING (L has ABCDEF)
C:cyanotic Heart Disease
L: Lung Disease
- Abscesses
- Bronchiectasis
- Cystic Fibrosis
- DONT SAY COPD
- Empyema
- Fibrosis
U: Ulcerative Colitis + IBD (Crohns)
B: Biliary Tract Disease
B: Birth Defects
I: Infective Endocarditis
N: Neoplasm (lung cancer or mesothelioma)
G: Gastrointestinal Malabsorption Syndrome (Coeliac Disease)
What are the causes of Clubbing?
CLUBBING (L has ABCDEF)
C:cyanotic Heart Disease
L: Lung Disease
- Abscesses
- Bronchiectasis
- Cystic Fibrosis
- DONT SAY COPD
- Empyema
- Fibrosis
U: Ulcerative Colitis + IBD (Crohn’s)
B: Biliary Tract Disease
B: Birth Defects
I: Infective Endocarditis
N: Neoplasm (lung cancer or mesothelioma)
G: Gastrointestinal Malabsorption Syndrome (Coeliac Disease)
where do diverticula most commonly occur?
Sigmoid colon due to smallest luminal diameter and therefore the highest pressure to cause the mucosal herniation
What is the most common cause of portal hypertension that is not due to liver cirrhosis?
Schistosomiasis infection
What are the 2 forms of Fungi?
Yeast - single cells and use budding
Mould - Multicellular and use hyphae or spores
What are fungi cell walls made from?
Chitin
Glucan
What are the targets of antifungal drugs?
Target cell wall: Beta-glucan
Echinocandins
Target Cell membrane: Ergosterol
Polyenes - Amphotericin, Nystain
Ergosterol synthetic pathway inhibitors - Azoles
What is candida albicans?
A vaginal or oral yeast infection
What is aspergillus Fumigatus?
A lung Infection
What is the prepatent period?
Interval between infection of a helminth and the appearance of eggs in stools