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practice questions Flashcards

1
Q

t/f: the renal excretion rate for a solute can never exceed the filtered load

A

false-excretion more than filtered load is secreting

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2
Q

what hormone is produced by the kidneys in response to SNS stimulation

A

renin- it regulates RBF

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3
Q

what would increase GFR but decrease renal blood flow

A

constriction of efferent arterioles

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4
Q

what can the kidney produce from alanine, glycerol, and lactate

A

glucose

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5
Q

what hormone produced by the kidneys stimulates the making of RBCs

A

erythropoietin

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6
Q

what percentage of the resting cardiac output does the kidney receive

A

25%

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7
Q

at rest, the GFR averages what quantity of plasma filtrate

A

125 mL/min

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8
Q

the average urine production in a day is equal to what

A

1500 mL/day

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9
Q

why does the capillary hydrostatic pressure stay constant along the length of the glomerular capillary

A

due to high resistance, efferent arterioles

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10
Q

in the kidney, where does reabsorption take place

A

peritubular capillaries

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11
Q

t/f: the majority of nephrons are capable of concentrating the urine

A

false- because JM nephrons do this and they only make up 15% of all nephrons

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12
Q

in the process of micturition, what sphincter is under voluntary control, allowing us to decide when to urinate

A

external urethral sphincter

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13
Q

which causes contraction of the detrusor muscles and relaxation of the internal sphincters, giving us the urge to urinate

A

stimulation of the PNS

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14
Q

on average, what percent of body weight is water

A

60%

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15
Q

on average, what percent of body weight is extracellular fluid

A

20%

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16
Q

if you dehydrate and lose 2 liters of fluid, which kind of fluid shift would you expect

A

some shift from ICF to ECF- high NaCl intake could do this as well

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17
Q

what marker is best suited to measure total body water

A

isotropic water- titrated water is another way

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18
Q

which fluid loss would cause only a loss in ECF volume, no change in osmolarity, and no shift in volume between ICF and ECF

A

diarrhea

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19
Q

clearance of what injected substance is equal to the GFR

A

inulin

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20
Q

which substance would have the highest clearance? write in formula

A

para aminohippuric acid- anything that is filtered AND secreted will be highest

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21
Q

at normal blood levels, what statement regarding the renal handling of glucose is true

A

freely filtered and all reabsorbed

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22
Q

what is the physiologic significant figure of substance x with a clearance ratio equal to 1

A

the clearance of x is equal to GFR

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23
Q

what is the most important function of the kidney

A

reabsorption of Na

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24
Q

what percent of Na is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule

A

66%

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25
when would some filtered glucose spill into the urine
plasma concentration of glucose exceeds 200 mg/dL
26
in the kidney, what is a physiologic function of urea
helps create osmotic gradient important in concentrating urine
27
what is located on the basolateral side of the tubular cell (luminal side) that drives reabsorption of most solutes in the proximal tubule
Na/K ATPase
28
the TAL has what effect on the tubular fluid
dilutes it
29
what tubular cell in the late distal tubule is responsible for K secretion
principal cell- also found in the collecting duct
30
what effect does insulin have in intracellular K concentration
increase- glucose stimulates K pump
31
what receptors mediate ADH effect to insert aquaporin 2 (water channel making the collecting duct permeable to water, which allows reabsorption of water)
V2
32
normal arterial pH is equal to what
7.4
33
hyperventilation is cause of what
respiratory alkalosis
34
what is an example of a volatile acid
CO2
35
what is a normal compensation to metabolic acidosis
increase ventilation
36
if renal perfusion pressure increases from 100 mmHg to 150 mmHg, what statement would be true
both GFR and renal blood flow would stay constant- because it can be kept constant between 80-200
37
what physically prevents plasma proteins from entering Bowman's capsule
basement membrane- negative charges are an additional barrier
38
what auto regulation of renal blood flow and GFR involved constriction or dilation of what vessels
afferent arterioles- only place auto regulation occurs
39
the clearance of PAH is equal to what
renal plasma flow
40
in mice, knocking out the receptor for what substance (blocks tubuloglomerular feedback) is important in auto regulation of both renal blood flow and GFR
A1 receptor for adenosine
41
what would increase both GFR and renal blood flows
dilation of afferent arterioles
42
normal plasma osmolality of the ECF would be equal to what
300 mOsm/L
43
reabsorption by the kidney averages what quantity of tubular fluid/day
178.5 L/day
44
what effect does the efferent arterioles have on the glomerular capillary filtration pressure
keeps it constant along its length
45
in the kidney, where does all filtration take place
glomerular capillaries
46
what nephrons are capable of concentrating the urine
juxtamedullary
47
urea transporters in the inner medullary collecting ducts are stimulated by what
ADH
48
what causes relaxation of the detrusor muscle and contraction of the internal sphincters, allowing the bladder to fill
stimulation of the SNS
49
what contributes most to plasma osmolarity
plasma Na
50
if you experience a high-water intake, what kind of fluid shift would you expect
shift from ECF to ICF, decrease in osmolarity
51
what marker is best suited to measure plasma volume using indicator dilution
radioactive albumen
52
which would cause a hyposmotic volume contraction associated with increase water loss > NaCl loss resulting in a decrease in ECF volume, increase in osmolarity, resulting in a shift in volume from ICF to ECF? There is no change in hemocrit.
dehydration (sweating)
53
what best describes renal handling of albumen in the blood
not filtered and not secreted
54
what is the physiologic significance of substance x with a clearance ratio >1
substance x is both filtered and secreted
55
why is the most important function of the kidney reabsorption of Na
Na reabsorption drives virtually all other solute reabsorption
56
the majority of solute is reabsorbed in what portion of the nephron
proximal tubule
57
what is the Tm for filtered glucose reached
plasma concentration of glucose first exceeds 350 mg/dL
58
what is located on the luminal (apical) side of the tubular cell in the TAL that reabsorbs about 25% of the filtered Na
Na/K Cl cotransporter
59
what tubular cell in the late distal tubule is responsible for K reabsorption
a-intercalated cell
60
what effect does a deficiency of insulin have on blood K concentration
hyperkalemia
61
what effect does ADH have on the collecting duct
increased permeability to water
62
a patient who is excessively vomiting is likely to develop what condition
metabolic alkalosis
63
to compensate for metabolic alkalosis, what is an appropriate compensatory response
decreased ventilation
64
what is an example of a fixed acid produced by the breakdown of phospholipids
phosphoric acid
65
a patient has an arterial pH of 7.6, HCO3= 28 mEg/L, and arterial PCO2=40 mmHg. this is consistent with what
metabolic alkalosis
66
in addition to the basement membrane associated with the glomerular capillary filtration barrier, what else helps exclude high molecular weight proteins from entering Bowman's space
negatively charged glycoproteins
67
renal plasma flow is equal to what
clearance of PAH
68
when the pK=pH, what is true
HA=A

Phys 3 final (2 decks)

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