practice questions Flashcards
- Which of the Following Statements is TRUE concerning both ethylene glycol and cholecalciferol?
a. Dogs are the most sensitive species
b. They are absorbed mainly from the intact skin
c. They are metabolizaed by hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase
d. They cause precipitation of calcium in kidney tubules
e. They are excreted unchanged in urine
D
- Less toxic to young calves (30 day old) than adult cattle is
a. urea
b. monensin
c. sodium ion/water deprivation
d. lead
e. 2,4 - D
A
- Which of the following toxicants is MOST likely to cause degeneration and pale areas in the myocardium and skeletal muscles, as well as damage in the liver and kidney in most spp?
a. organophosphate
b. sodium ion/water deprivation
c. monensin
d. urea
e. none of the above
C
- What is the combination of blood chemistry, which BEST characterizes urea (NPN) toxicosis in ruminants?
a. acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperglycemia, and elevated BUN
b. acidosis, hypoglycemia, normal BUN, and hypokalemia
c. alkalosis, elevated BUN, hypokalemia, and hypoglycemia
d. alkalosis, normal BUN, hyperglycemia, and hyperkalemia
A
- The clinical signs associated with water deprivation/sodium ion toxicosis in swine are thought to be MAINLY caused by
a. Elevated sodium in the neurons
b. Elevated sodium in the plasma
c. Eosinophilic perivascular cuffing
d. Cerebral edema and over hydration of nerve cells
e. Focal bilateral malacia of the spinal cord
D
- Urea toxicosis is MAINLY due to
a. accumulation of ammonia metabolite
b. direct effect on rumen microflora
c. direct stimulation of urea on the precursor of urease enzyme
d. depletion of ammonia metabolite
e. all of the above are correct
A
- A toxicant which may cause signs in the horse similar to a human having a heart attack [tachycardia with possible arrhythmias, prominent jugular pulse, cold extremities, profuse sweating, fear, incoordination] is
a. urea
b. monensin
c. lead d. inorganic arsenic e. CHC insecticides
B
- Urea toxicosis in cattle is a common disease that is due to hydrolysis of urea to release ammonia which inhibits citric acid cycle resulting in CNS stimulation signs and muscle tremors that usually take several hours to develop.
a. True
b. False
B
- The MOST likely pathognomonic evidence of water deprivation/sodium ion toxicosis in swine is
a. history of feeding sodium at 5%
b. Clinical signs of intermittent conclusive seizures and maniacal signs
c. eosinophilic meningoencephalitis
d. prominent cerebral edema
e. serum sodium level of 145 mEq/L and CSF sodium level of 140 mEq/L
C
Feeding of urea as a source of inexpensive protein supplementation in cattle rations has become generally accepted. This is true in spite of the highly highly toxic effects occasionally encountered. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
a. Urea contains no protein as such but is broken down by rumen microflora to ammonia which is then utilized by the rumen microflora to form cellular protein which is utilized by the host
b. Chronic urea toxicosis leads to weight loss and poor performance
c. Urea toxicosis results most often from overfeeding, inadequate mixing, exposures to the concentrated premix, and is therefore a very uncommon occurrence in USA
d. Urea toxicosis produces all of the following postmortem findings: gastroenteritis, pneumonia, nephritis, hepatitis and mehemoglobinemia.
e. Urea toxicosis in mature cattle is treated by administration via stomach tube of 1 gallon of 5% kerosene to stop the production of ammonia
A
- A feedlot steer that survived an overdose of monesin in the feed was found dead 3 weeks later. The MOST likely cause of death, if related to the monesisn toxicosis is
a. persistent depolarization and arrhythmia as a result of the sodium and calcium channeleffects
b. Pulmonary hypertension induced by the toxic cardiac changes caused by monensin
c. Cardiac fibrosis and insufficiency as a result of cardiac muscle necrosis during acute monensin toxicosis
d. cardiac insufficiency because of the monensin inhivition of sodium-postassium adenosine triphosphate (ATPase)
e. Reduced energy levels in cardiac muscle following inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation by monensin
C
Which of the following NPN sources is LEAST toxic?
a. ammonium sulfate
b. ammonium chloride
c. ammonium phosphate
d. biuret
e. urea
D
- A dog has ingested large amounts of ice melts and showing signs that include vomiting polydipsia, polyuria, muscle fasciculations, sinus tachycardia, metabolic acidosis, and seizures is MOST likely poisoned with
a. sodium chloride
b. cholecalciferol
c. metaldehyde
d. 2,4-D
e. urea
A
Which of the following statements about toxicokinetics of monensin is LEAST accurate?
a. Ruminants absorb 50% of orally administered monensin
b. Monogastric animals absorb most of the monensin they ingest
c. Monensin and its metabolites are mainly excreted in urine
d. Blood levels of monensin are relatively small in all species
e. Horses do not eliminate monensin as rapidly as cattle
C
Muscle necrosis induced by ionophore toxicosis causes moderate to marked increase of
a. Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)
b. Alkaline phosphatase (AP)
c. Creatinine phosphokinase (CPK)
d. Potassium
e. Calcium
C
