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Toxicology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

ethanol/methanol affect what species the most?

A

cattle, calves, lambs and pigs

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2
Q

This toxin may cause green or black urine

A

phenolic compounds

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3
Q

what is the MOA of phenolic compounds?

A

denature and precipitate cellular proteins –> direct irritation –> coagulative necrosis

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4
Q

what toxin can cause burns on skin and in the mouth?

A

phenolic compounds

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5
Q

what is the most significant MOA of phenolic compounds that separates it from mainly everything else?

A

STIMULATES respiratory center –> hyperventilation and respiratory ALKALOSIS

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6
Q

what toxins cause methemoglobinemia?

A

phenolic compounds, nitrogen oxide gases, H2S, copper, iron

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7
Q

what are the skin, eye and CNS signs of phenolic compounds?

A 
skin = coagulative necrosis, ulceration, white plaques, intense pain
eye = corneal ulcerations
CNS = ataxia, seizures
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8
Q

what does urine + 20% ferric chloride detect if it produce a purple color?

A

phenols

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9
Q

what Tx is contraindicated for phenols?

A

emetics or gastric lavage

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10
Q

what is recommended for decontamination of the GIT of phenols?

A

milk, egg whites, followed by activated charcoal and saline cathartics

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11
Q

what is recommended for decontamination of the skin of phenols?

A

rapidly decontaminated with PEG or glycerol followed by mild dish soap, also dressings soaked in 0.5% Na bicarb but NOT OILY DRESSINGS

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12
Q

what are the 3 types of detergents? how do they vary in toxicity?

A 
non-ionic = low toxicity (soap)
anionic = moderate toxicity (laundry, dish washer)
cationic = high tox (fabric softeners
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13
Q

how do you Tx anionic detergents?

A

water/milk, activated charcoal if large quantities and no corrosive injury, bathing, supportive care

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14
Q

how do you Tx cationic detergents? what is contraindicated?

A

water/milk/egg whites or activated charcoal to dilutee and neutralize the alkaline
contraindicated = emesis and gastric lavage

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15
Q

what is the characteristic smell of bleach toxicity?

A

dog swimming in a pool!

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16
Q

what do household bleaches contain as the source?

A

3-6% sodium hypochlorite

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17
Q

what is the MOA of bleach?

A

bleach + acid/ammonia solutions –> bleach causes release of Cl/chloramine gas and hypochlorous gas –> cause severe respiratory and eye irritation
concentrated solutions are highly CORROSIVE to mucous membranes –> hypochlorite ion is oxidizing

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18
Q

what do you avoid for Tx of bleach toxicity?

A

ACIDS

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19
Q

what is different about xylitol and the FDA?

A

is NOT required to list as active ingredient

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20
Q

what are the sources of xylitol?

A

sugar substitutes

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21
Q

what species are susceptible to xylitol?

A

DOGS

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22
Q

what it the MOA of xylitol?

A

potent promoter of insulin release in dogs –> hypoglycemia

large doses = liver failure, GI hemorrhage and DIC

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23
Q

what lesions are associated with xylitol?

A

hypoglycemia only = no specific lesions

liver failure = petechial ecchymotic or GI hemorrhage, severe hepatocyte loss or atrophy and hepatic necrosis

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24
Q

what Tx for xylitol is NOT effective?

A

activated charcoal

25
Q

what do methylxanthine alkaloids include?

A

caffeine, theophylline, theobromine

26
Q

what species are most susceptible to methylxanthines?

A

DOGS, cats

27
Q

what toxin undergoes enterohepatic recycling?

A

methylxanthines

28
Q

what is the MOA of methylxanthines?

A

phosphodiesterase inhibition (raise cAMP) and competitive inhibition of adenosine receptors –> seizures

29
Q

what are the C/S of methylxanthines?

A 
theophylline = mild acidosis, tachycardia
caffine/theobromine = hyperactive, panting, tremors, hyperthermia, VPCs with bpm >200
30
Q

what do you use to Tx arrhythmias from methylxanthines?

A

beta blockers = propranolol, metoprolol (better excreted), lidocaine for frequent VPCs

31
Q

what animals are most susceptible to NH3?

A

swine, poultry

32
Q

what is the MOA of NH3?

A

DIRECT IRRITATION of MM, pulmonary edema, alkalosis and compensatory acidosis

33
Q

what are the C/S of NH3?

A

RED MM, decreased growth and egg prod in birds, pulmonary edema causes dyspnea

34
Q

what has a rotten egg smell?

A

hydrogen sulfide

35
Q

what is the most dangerous sewage gas?

A

H2S

36
Q

what are the lesions of H2S?

A

dark blood that may not clot, tissues may be dark or greenish/purple, sewage odor

37
Q

what is used to Tx H2S?

A

Na nitrate IV = forms methhemoglobin that binde H2S radical and reactivates cytochrome oxidase

38
Q

what does CO smell like?

A

nothing!!!

39
Q

why did miners use canaries for CO?

A

smaller animals have faster breathing rate and smaller Vd, so may show toxicity before us

40
Q

what is the MOA of CO?

A

CO combines with hemoglobin –> forms carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) which CANT carry O2, interferes with release of O2 carried by normal hemoglobin –> increased stability of Hg-O2 bond, LEFT SHIFT OF O2 DISSOCIATION CURVE, Haldane effect!!!

41
Q

what lesions are present with CO toxicity?

A

blood is BRIGHT RED and MMs are HEALTHY PINK, chronic cases may have brain edema, hemorrhage and necrosis that can cause deafness in dogs/cats

42
Q

what is the best Tc for CO?

A

O2 or 5% CO2 in O2 administered with positive pressure –> HYPERBARIC O2

43
Q

this toxicity is associated with silos

A

nitrogen oxide gas

44
Q

what are the colors of the nitrogen gases?

A 
NO2 = reddish/brown
N2O4 = colorless
mixture = yellow/yellow brown, chlorine odor
45
Q

for nitrogen oxide gas, brief exposure to high concentrations is _________ toxic than chronic exposure to low concentrations

A

MORE

46
Q

what is the MOA of nitrogen oxide gases?

A

diect irritation of MM by nitric acid –> low solubility –> pass through upper resp tract and cause lung damage –> hypoxia

47
Q

How would you Tx methemoglobinemia caused by nitrogen oxide gases”

A

methylene blue IV

48
Q

what can petroleum products do to the skin of cows?

A

bovine skin hyperkeratosis

49
Q

what species is most susceptible to petroleum products?

A

CATTLE

50
Q

what are the systemic effects of petroleum products?

A

mainly CNS depression, liver/kidney damage, bone marrow suppression with chrnic exposure, some SENSITIZE MYOCARDIUM to endogenous catecholamines –> arrhythmias/arrest

51
Q

what odor does petroleum have?

A

oil/kerosene

52
Q

what is contraindicated in petroleum toxicosis?

A

emetics, gastric lavage, GLUCOCORTICOIDS

53
Q

what kind of fluoride toxicosis is most common?

A

chronic (fluorosis)

54
Q

what species is chronic fluorid toxicosis seen mainly in?

A

herbivores, esp DAIRY CATTLE

55
Q

what is the MOA of acute fluoride toxicosis?

A

caustic effect on GI mucosa, HYPOCALCEMIA, coagulation defects, increased capillary permeability, enzyme inhibition

56
Q

what is the MOA of chronic fluoride toxicosis?

A

alteration and delaying mineralization of teeth and bones –> black/brown discoloration of defective enamel due to oxidation of organic material in teeth, may see osteoporosis

57
Q

what is the best specimen for fluoride toxicosis?

A

BONE

58
Q

where do bone lesions begin for fluoride toxicosis?

A

PROXIMOMEDIAL 1/3 OF METATARSAL

Toxicology (4 decks)

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