Practice Questions Flashcards
The muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm are associated with what movements?
-movements of the wrist joint
-flexion of the fingers including the thumb
-pronation
Which two muscles in the anterior compartment are not innervated by the median nerve?
-flexor carpi ulnaris
-medial half of the flexor digitorum profundus
-both are innervated by the ulnar nerve
Which four muscles in the superficial layer originate in the medial epicondyle of the humerus?
-flexor carpi ulnaris
-palmaris longus
-flexor carpi radialis
-pronator teres (med. epicondyle & coronoid process)
Which nerve innervates the flexor carpi ulnaris?
ulnar nerve
What percent of the population does not have a palmaris longus?
absent in about 15% of the population
Flexor carpi radialis preforms what action?
flexion and abduction of the wrist
Flexor carpi ulnaris preforms what action?
flexion and adduction (ulnar deviation)
Where is pronator teres insertion?
lateral surface mid-shaft of radius
How many heads does the flexor digitorum superficialis have?
-two
-humero-ulnar head & radial head
What muscles compose the deep layer of the anterior forearm?
- flexor digitorum profundus
-flexor pollicis longus
-pronator quadratus
What action does the flexor digitorum profundus preform?
flexion of distal interphalangeal joints
What is the origin of the flexor pollicis longus?
anterior surface of radius & interosseus membrane
What branch of the median nerve innervates the pronator quadratus?
anterior interosseous nerve
What area does the brachial artery enter before splitting into the radial and ulnar artery?
the cubital fossa
The muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm are associated with what motions?
-movement of the wrist
-extension of the fingers and thumb
-supination
What nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the forearm?
radial nerve
Which muscles make up the superficial layer of the posterior forearm?
-brachioradialis
-extensor carpi radialis longus
-extensor carpi radialis brevis
-extensor digitorum
-extensor digiti minimi
-extensor carpi ulnaris
-anconeus
What is the common origin for the brachioradialis and the extensor carpi radialis longus?
lateral supra-epicondylar ridge of humerus
Which five muscles share a common origin at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus?
-extensor carpi radialis brevis
-extensor digitorum
-extensor digiti minimi
-extensor carpi ulnaris
-anconeus
Which muscles are found in the deep layer of the posterior forearm?
-supinator
-abductor pollicis longus
-extensor pollicis brevis
-extensor pollicis longus
-extensor indicis
What nerve innervates the supinator?
Radial nerve (posterior interosseus branch)
What action does the abductor pollicis longus do?
abducts carpometacarpal joint of thumb
What action does the extensor indicis do?
extension of the wrist and joints of the second digit
The radial artery supplies which structures in the hand?
Thumb and lateral side of the index finger
The ulnar artery supplies which structures in the hand?
digits 2-5 and the medial side of the index finger
Which vein is found in the anatomical snuffbox?
cephalic vein
Which is the most important sensory nerve in the hand?
the median nerve because it innervates skin on the thumb, index, and middle fingers
What is Guynon’s canal syndrome?
an entrapment of the ulnar nerve
Where are the most common ulnar nerve injury sites?
the elbow and the wrist
How are ulnar nerve lesions characterized?
clawing of the hand (hyperextension at MCP joint and flexed position in IP joints)
What tendons make up the anatomical snuffbox?
-extensor pollicis longus
-extensor pollicis brevis
-abductor pollicis longus
What are the intrinsic muscles of the hand?
the palmaris brevis, interossei, adductor pollicis, thenar, hypothenar, and lumbrical muscles
What is carpal tunnel syndrome?
-entrapment caused by pressure on the median nerve within the carpal tunnel
-symptoms: numbness, tingling, and pain
What do the intrinsic muscles of the hand do?
they mainly execute precision grip
What structures pass through the radial grove (triangular interval) in the humerus?
-radial nerve
-profunda brachial artery
The anterior compartment of the arm is predominately innervated by which nerve?
musculocutaneous nerve
What is the origin of the coracobrachialis?
the coracoid process
The cubital fossa is formed by..?
- the line b/w lateral and medial epicondyles
-brachioradialis
-pronator teres - the bicipital aponeurosis is the “ceiling”
Where does the brachialis insert?
tuberosity of ulna
What is the main action of the biceps brachii?
supination of the forearm followed by flexion of the arm
The posterior compartment of the upper arm is innervated by what nerve?
radial nerve
What muscles are in the posterior compartment of the upper arm?
triceps brachii (long head, lateral head, and medial head)
What is the major artery of the arm?
brachial artery
Rupture of which tendon makes you look like Popeye?
rupture of the biceps tendon
Which structures pass through the triangular interval?
the profunda brachii artery and the radial nerve
The profunda brachii artery supplies which compartment of the arm?
the posterior compartment
Which structures make up the triangular interval?
humerus, teres major, long head of triceps brachii
What structures make up the quadrangular space?
teres minor, surgical neck of humerus, teres major,& long head of triceps brachii
How many articulations are there in the elbow?
-3
-capitulum to head of radius
-trochlea to trochlear notch of ulna
-head of radius to radial notch of ulna
The synovial membrane in the elbow lines which boney landmarks?
It lines the radial fossa, the coronoid fossa, the olecranon fossa, the deep surface of the joint capsule, and the medial surface of the trochlea
What are the functions of the interosseous membrane of the forearm?
-attachment site of anterior and posterior compartment muscles
-transfers forces b/w radius and ulna
-holds bones together during pronation
Which are the pronation muscles of the forearm?
pronator teres and pronator quadratus
Which are the supination muscles of the arm?
biceps brachii and supinator
What are the areas of transition in the upper extremity?
Axilla (communication b/w neck and arm), cubital fossa (communication b/w arm and forearm), carpal tunnel (communication b/w forearm and wrist)
What passes through the thoracic inlet?
major vessels and nerves of the upper limb (narrow area)
The posterior thoracic wall is made up of which muscles?
trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboids major, rhomboid minor, latissimus dorsi, serratus anterior
The anterior thoracic wall is made up of which muscles?
pectoralis major and the pec minor
The pectoral girdle is compromised of which bones?
the proximal humerus, scapula, clavicle
How many joints are found in the pectoral girdle?
- three
- glenohumeral, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular
The suprascapular nerve goes through what bony prominence?
suprascapular notch
The sternoclavicular joint is reinforced by which 4 ligaments?
anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments, interclavicular ligament, costoclavicular ligament
Which ligament does not stabilize the acromioclavicular joint?
coracoacromial ligament
Acromioclavicular joint is stabilized by which ligaments?
acromioclavicular ligament, coracoclavicular ligament, coracoacromial ligament
Glenohumeral joint stability is mainly provided by what structure?
-glenoid labrum (increases glenoid cavity by 50%)
-rotator cuff muscles, long head of biceps, and extracapsular ligaments also provide stability
What is the name of the largest bursa in the body and where can it be found?
subacromial bursa (subdeltoid)
found in the subacromial space
Glenoid labrum provides…
general stability, deepens the glenoid cavity by about 50%
Supraspinatus (upper part) prevents…
prevents downward displacement
The rotator cuff tendons…
act as guardian of the joint
The longhead of biceps and coracoacromial arch prevents…
upward dislocation of the humerus
Which rotator cuff muscle is most commonly affected by impingement and why?
the supraspinatus because it passes through a narrow space where it is susceptible to impingement
What nerve innervates the trapezius?
the accessory nerve
What is the insertion of the deltoid?
deltoid tuberosity of humerus
What is the origin of the levator scapulae?
transverse processes of C1-C4 vertebrae
What action do the rhomboid perform?
retracts and rotate the scapula and fixes scapula to thoracic wall
Which muscles make up the rotator cuff?
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
The teres minor is innervated by which nerve?
axillary nerve
What is the insertion of the teres major?
intertubercular groove of humerus
The anterior wall of the axilla is formed by?
the lateral part of the pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, and subclavius
The medial wall of the axilla is formed by what muscles?
the upper thoracic wall and serratus anterior
The posterior wall of the axilla is formed by?
subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, and muscle from the posterior scapula region
When does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?
at the inferior margin of the teres major
Does the flexor retinaculum attaches to the medial or lateral malleolus?
medial malleolus to the inferomedial margin of the calcaneus
Which structures pass through the tarsal tunnel (under the flexor retinaculum)?
Tendon of flexor hallucis longus, tibial nerve, posterior tibial artery, tendon of flexor digitorum longus, tendon of tibialis posterior
What is the “ceiling” of the tarsal tunnel?
sustentaculum tali
Tarsal tunnel syndrome is caused by ___________?
repeated pressure in the tibial nerve
What is the purpose of the extensor retinacula?
to secure all the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg
What is the function of the fibular retinacula?
it binds the tendons of the fibularis longus and brevis to the lateral side of the foot
What is the purpose of arches of the foot?
they help distribute weight/downward forces and absorb shock
Which arch of the foot is higher, the medial longitudinal arch or the lateral longitudinal arch?
medial longitudinal arch
Where is the transverse arch located?
head of talus to the head of the metatarsals
What causes plantar fasciitis?
The plantar aponeurosis is stretched during standing position. Prolonged standing and walking may cause inflammation. Continued episodes can result in a calcaneal spur.
How many bones are there in the foot and ankle?
26 bones
The talus articulates with which bones?
the tibia, fibula, calcaneus, and navicular
The navicular bone serves as an attachment for which muscle?
the tibialis posterior
Which phalange has two sesamoid bones and why?
-the big toe
-it provides leverage when the big toe pushes off during walking and running
-it houses the tendon of the flexor hallucis longus
Which bones compose the “true ankle joint”?
tibia, fibula, talus
The deltoid ligament of the ankle stabilizes which motion?
eversion (ligament located medially)
The lateral ligament of the ankle stabilizes what motin?
inversion (most frequently damaged ligament, 70% of sprains)
Which bones are commonly fractured in the ankle?
the distal ends of the fibula and tibia
What is located in the popliteal fossa?
popliteal artery and vein & tibial and common fibular nerves
What is the popliteal fossa formed by?
semitendinosus, semimembranosus, heads of the gastrocnemius, plantaris, and bicep femoris (LH)
The interosseous membrane has two apertures. Which structures pass through these apertures?
Superior aperture: anterior tibial vessels
Inferior aperture: perforating branch of fibular artery
The anterior compartment of the leg preforms which motions?
dorsiflexion/ inversion and eversion of foot
The posterior compartment of the leg performs which motions?
plantar flexion
The lateral compartment of the leg performs what function?
eversion and plantar flexion
The anterior compartment of the leg is innervated by which nerve?
deep fibular nerve
The lateral compartment of the leg is innervated by which nerve?
superficial fibular nerve
The posterior compartment of the leg is innervated by which erve?
tibial nerve
The deep fibular nerve and the superficial fibular nerve innervate which areas?
anterior compartment and the lateral compartment
Damage to the superficial fibular nerve could most greatly affect which action?
eversion of foot
Which patellar facet is usually larger?
the lateral facet
Which femoral condyle extends more anteriorly?
lateral condyle
Which femoral condyle is larger?
the medial condyle
Which intercondylar notch type is more prone to inury?
type A
Which tibial plateau is larger?
the medial plateau
Which menisci is more firmly attached the medial or lateral meniscus?
the medial meniscus is more firmly attached
What are the main functions of the menisci?
shock absorption, stability, spread synovial fluid
What is the function of the articularis genu?
it lifts the capsule during knee extension so it doesnt get pinched or smashed
What is the largest synovial joint?
the knee
What is the function of the infrapatellar fat pad?
it prevents excessive amounts of synovial fluid from being present in the joint and it optimizes pressure
What separates the synovial membrane from the patellar ligament?
infrapatellar fat pad
Which ligament is not attached to the capsule of the knee?
LCL
Which structure passes underneath the LCL?
popliteus tendon
Which ligaments can be found in the knee?
coronary ligament, patellar ligament, ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL
Which ligaments are the main knee stabilizers?
ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL
What type of displacement does the ACL prevent?
prevents/restricts anterior displacement of tibia relative to the femur
What type of displacement does the PCL prevent?
prevents/restricts posterior displacement
What type of motion does the MCL prevent?
prevents valgus movement
What type of motion does the LCL prevent
Prevents varus movement
The locking mechanism of the knee in closed chain involves what movement in what direction?
medial rotation of the femur on the tibia
The locking mechanism of the knee in open chain involves movement in what direction?
lateral rotation of the tibia on the femur
What is a Q angle?
an angle formed by a lone drawn from the ASIS to the central patella and a line from the central patella up to the tibial tubercle
What value is considered normal for a femoral neck angle?
125 degrees
Ligamentum teres carries a small branch of an artery that supplies blood to the head of the femur. What is the name of this artery?
obturator artery
What is the major blood supply to the hip?
circumflex artery
There are 3 ligaments that reinforce the external surface of the fibrous membrane and stabilize the joint. What are they?
iliofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament, ischiofemoral ligament
in which motions do the fibers of the capsular hip ligaments become tight?
extension (fibers loosen during flexion)
What movement does the iliofemoral ligament prevent?
hyperextension and ER
What movement does the pubofemoral ligament prevent?
hyperextension and abduction
What movement does the ischiofemoral ligament prevent?
hyperextension and IR
What movement does the anterior compartment of the thigh do?
flex thigh at the hip and extend the knee
What movement does the posterior compartment of the thigh do?
extends the thigh and flex the leg
What movement does the medial compartment of the thigh do?
adduct the thigh
What nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh?
femoral nerve
What nerve innervates the medial compartment of the thigh?
obturator nerve
What nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the thigh?
sciatic nerve
What makes up the boarders of the femoral triangle?
inguinal ligament (base), adductor longus muscle (medial ), sartorius muscle (lateral)
What structures pass through the femoral triangle?
femoral nerve, artery, vein and lymphatic vessels
What is psoas syndrome?
dysfunction of psoas muscle increasing lordosis and pain during upright posture
Which muscles insert on the pes ansernius?
gracilis, sartorius, semitendinosus
The profunda femoris artery branches off laterally from which major artery?
femoral artery
What are the differences between a male and female’s pelvis?
women: pelvic inlet is circular, less distinct promontory, and broader alae, pubic arch is larger
men: pelvis inlet is hear shaped, ischial spine projects more medially, pubic arch is smaller
What is a positive Trendelenburg sign?
contralateral hip drop due to weak glute med/min muscles or an injury to the superior gluteal nerve
