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PHTH 510 Anatomy > Practice Questions > Flashcards

Practice Questions Flashcards

1
Q

The muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm are associated with what movements?

A

-movements of the wrist joint
-flexion of the fingers including the thumb
-pronation

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2
Q

Which two muscles in the anterior compartment are not innervated by the median nerve?

A

-flexor carpi ulnaris
-medial half of the flexor digitorum profundus
-both are innervated by the ulnar nerve

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3
Q

Which four muscles in the superficial layer originate in the medial epicondyle of the humerus?

A

-flexor carpi ulnaris
-palmaris longus
-flexor carpi radialis
-pronator teres (med. epicondyle & coronoid process)

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4
Q

Which nerve innervates the flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

ulnar nerve

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5
Q

What percent of the population does not have a palmaris longus?

A

absent in about 15% of the population

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6
Q

Flexor carpi radialis preforms what action?

A

flexion and abduction of the wrist

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7
Q

Flexor carpi ulnaris preforms what action?

A

flexion and adduction (ulnar deviation)

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8
Q

Where is pronator teres insertion?

A

lateral surface mid-shaft of radius

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9
Q

How many heads does the flexor digitorum superficialis have?

A

-two
-humero-ulnar head & radial head

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10
Q

What muscles compose the deep layer of the anterior forearm?

A
  • flexor digitorum profundus
    -flexor pollicis longus
    -pronator quadratus
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11
Q

What action does the flexor digitorum profundus preform?

A

flexion of distal interphalangeal joints

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12
Q

What is the origin of the flexor pollicis longus?

A

anterior surface of radius & interosseus membrane

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13
Q

What branch of the median nerve innervates the pronator quadratus?

A

anterior interosseous nerve

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14
Q

What area does the brachial artery enter before splitting into the radial and ulnar artery?

A

the cubital fossa

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15
Q

The muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm are associated with what motions?

A

-movement of the wrist
-extension of the fingers and thumb
-supination

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16
Q

What nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

radial nerve

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17
Q

Which muscles make up the superficial layer of the posterior forearm?

A

-brachioradialis
-extensor carpi radialis longus
-extensor carpi radialis brevis
-extensor digitorum
-extensor digiti minimi
-extensor carpi ulnaris
-anconeus

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18
Q

What is the common origin for the brachioradialis and the extensor carpi radialis longus?

A

lateral supra-epicondylar ridge of humerus

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19
Q

Which five muscles share a common origin at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus?

A

-extensor carpi radialis brevis
-extensor digitorum
-extensor digiti minimi
-extensor carpi ulnaris
-anconeus

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20
Q

Which muscles are found in the deep layer of the posterior forearm?

A

-supinator
-abductor pollicis longus
-extensor pollicis brevis
-extensor pollicis longus
-extensor indicis

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21
Q

What nerve innervates the supinator?

A

Radial nerve (posterior interosseus branch)

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22
Q

What action does the abductor pollicis longus do?

A

abducts carpometacarpal joint of thumb

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23
Q

What action does the extensor indicis do?

A

extension of the wrist and joints of the second digit

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24
Q

The radial artery supplies which structures in the hand?

A

Thumb and lateral side of the index finger

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25
Q

The ulnar artery supplies which structures in the hand?

A

digits 2-5 and the medial side of the index finger

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26
Q

Which vein is found in the anatomical snuffbox?

A

cephalic vein

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27
Q

Which is the most important sensory nerve in the hand?

A

the median nerve because it innervates skin on the thumb, index, and middle fingers

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28
Q

What is Guynon’s canal syndrome?

A

an entrapment of the ulnar nerve

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29
Q

Where are the most common ulnar nerve injury sites?

A

the elbow and the wrist

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30
Q

How are ulnar nerve lesions characterized?

A

clawing of the hand (hyperextension at MCP joint and flexed position in IP joints)

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31
Q

What tendons make up the anatomical snuffbox?

A

-extensor pollicis longus
-extensor pollicis brevis
-abductor pollicis longus

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32
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the hand?

A

the palmaris brevis, interossei, adductor pollicis, thenar, hypothenar, and lumbrical muscles

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32
Q

What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

-entrapment caused by pressure on the median nerve within the carpal tunnel
-symptoms: numbness, tingling, and pain

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33
Q

What do the intrinsic muscles of the hand do?

A

they mainly execute precision grip

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34
Q

What structures pass through the radial grove (triangular interval) in the humerus?

A

-radial nerve
-profunda brachial artery

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35
Q

The anterior compartment of the arm is predominately innervated by which nerve?

A

musculocutaneous nerve

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36
Q

What is the origin of the coracobrachialis?

A

the coracoid process

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37
Q

The cubital fossa is formed by..?

A
  • the line b/w lateral and medial epicondyles
    -brachioradialis
    -pronator teres
  • the bicipital aponeurosis is the “ceiling”
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38
Q

Where does the brachialis insert?

A

tuberosity of ulna

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38
Q

What is the main action of the biceps brachii?

A

supination of the forearm followed by flexion of the arm

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38
Q

The posterior compartment of the upper arm is innervated by what nerve?

A

radial nerve

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39
Q

What muscles are in the posterior compartment of the upper arm?

A

triceps brachii (long head, lateral head, and medial head)

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39
Q

What is the major artery of the arm?

A

brachial artery

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39
Q

Rupture of which tendon makes you look like Popeye?

A

rupture of the biceps tendon

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39
Q

Which structures pass through the triangular interval?

A

the profunda brachii artery and the radial nerve

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40
Q

The profunda brachii artery supplies which compartment of the arm?

A

the posterior compartment

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40
Q

Which structures make up the triangular interval?

A

humerus, teres major, long head of triceps brachii

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41
Q

What structures make up the quadrangular space?

A

teres minor, surgical neck of humerus, teres major,& long head of triceps brachii

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42
Q

How many articulations are there in the elbow?

A

-3
-capitulum to head of radius
-trochlea to trochlear notch of ulna
-head of radius to radial notch of ulna

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43
Q

The synovial membrane in the elbow lines which boney landmarks?

A

It lines the radial fossa, the coronoid fossa, the olecranon fossa, the deep surface of the joint capsule, and the medial surface of the trochlea

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44
Q

What are the functions of the interosseous membrane of the forearm?

A

-attachment site of anterior and posterior compartment muscles
-transfers forces b/w radius and ulna
-holds bones together during pronation

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45
Q

Which are the pronation muscles of the forearm?

A

pronator teres and pronator quadratus

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46
Q

Which are the supination muscles of the arm?

A

biceps brachii and supinator

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47
Q

What are the areas of transition in the upper extremity?

A

Axilla (communication b/w neck and arm), cubital fossa (communication b/w arm and forearm), carpal tunnel (communication b/w forearm and wrist)

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48
Q

What passes through the thoracic inlet?

A

major vessels and nerves of the upper limb (narrow area)

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49
Q

The posterior thoracic wall is made up of which muscles?

A

trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboids major, rhomboid minor, latissimus dorsi, serratus anterior

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50
Q

The anterior thoracic wall is made up of which muscles?

A

pectoralis major and the pec minor

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51
Q

The pectoral girdle is compromised of which bones?

A

the proximal humerus, scapula, clavicle

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52
Q

How many joints are found in the pectoral girdle?

A
  • three
  • glenohumeral, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular
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53
Q

The suprascapular nerve goes through what bony prominence?

A

suprascapular notch

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54
Q

The sternoclavicular joint is reinforced by which 4 ligaments?

A

anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments, interclavicular ligament, costoclavicular ligament

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55
Q

Which ligament does not stabilize the acromioclavicular joint?

A

coracoacromial ligament

56
Q

Acromioclavicular joint is stabilized by which ligaments?

A

acromioclavicular ligament, coracoclavicular ligament, coracoacromial ligament

57
Q

Glenohumeral joint stability is mainly provided by what structure?

A

-glenoid labrum (increases glenoid cavity by 50%)
-rotator cuff muscles, long head of biceps, and extracapsular ligaments also provide stability

58
Q

What is the name of the largest bursa in the body and where can it be found?

A

subacromial bursa (subdeltoid)
found in the subacromial space

59
Q

Glenoid labrum provides…

A

general stability, deepens the glenoid cavity by about 50%

60
Q

Supraspinatus (upper part) prevents…

A

prevents downward displacement

61
Q

The rotator cuff tendons…

A

act as guardian of the joint

62
Q

The longhead of biceps and coracoacromial arch prevents…

A

upward dislocation of the humerus

63
Q

Which rotator cuff muscle is most commonly affected by impingement and why?

A

the supraspinatus because it passes through a narrow space where it is susceptible to impingement

64
Q

What nerve innervates the trapezius?

A

the accessory nerve

65
Q

What is the insertion of the deltoid?

A

deltoid tuberosity of humerus

66
Q

What is the origin of the levator scapulae?

A

transverse processes of C1-C4 vertebrae

67
Q

What action do the rhomboid perform?

A

retracts and rotate the scapula and fixes scapula to thoracic wall

68
Q

Which muscles make up the rotator cuff?

A

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

69
Q

The teres minor is innervated by which nerve?

A

axillary nerve

70
Q

What is the insertion of the teres major?

A

intertubercular groove of humerus

71
Q

The anterior wall of the axilla is formed by?

A

the lateral part of the pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, and subclavius

72
Q

The medial wall of the axilla is formed by what muscles?

A

the upper thoracic wall and serratus anterior

73
Q

The posterior wall of the axilla is formed by?

A

subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, and muscle from the posterior scapula region

74
Q

When does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?

A

at the inferior margin of the teres major

75
Q

Does the flexor retinaculum attaches to the medial or lateral malleolus?

A

medial malleolus to the inferomedial margin of the calcaneus

76
Q

Which structures pass through the tarsal tunnel (under the flexor retinaculum)?

A

Tendon of flexor hallucis longus, tibial nerve, posterior tibial artery, tendon of flexor digitorum longus, tendon of tibialis posterior

77
Q

What is the “ceiling” of the tarsal tunnel?

A

sustentaculum tali

78
Q

Tarsal tunnel syndrome is caused by ___________?

A

repeated pressure in the tibial nerve

79
Q

What is the purpose of the extensor retinacula?

A

to secure all the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg

80
Q

What is the function of the fibular retinacula?

A

it binds the tendons of the fibularis longus and brevis to the lateral side of the foot

81
Q

What is the purpose of arches of the foot?

A

they help distribute weight/downward forces and absorb shock

82
Q

Which arch of the foot is higher, the medial longitudinal arch or the lateral longitudinal arch?

A

medial longitudinal arch

83
Q

Where is the transverse arch located?

A

head of talus to the head of the metatarsals

84
Q

What causes plantar fasciitis?

A

The plantar aponeurosis is stretched during standing position. Prolonged standing and walking may cause inflammation. Continued episodes can result in a calcaneal spur.

85
Q

How many bones are there in the foot and ankle?

A

26 bones

86
Q

The talus articulates with which bones?

A

the tibia, fibula, calcaneus, and navicular

87
Q

The navicular bone serves as an attachment for which muscle?

A

the tibialis posterior

88
Q

Which phalange has two sesamoid bones and why?

A

-the big toe
-it provides leverage when the big toe pushes off during walking and running
-it houses the tendon of the flexor hallucis longus

89
Q

Which bones compose the “true ankle joint”?

A

tibia, fibula, talus

90
Q

The deltoid ligament of the ankle stabilizes which motion?

A

eversion (ligament located medially)

91
Q

The lateral ligament of the ankle stabilizes what motin?

A

inversion (most frequently damaged ligament, 70% of sprains)

92
Q

Which bones are commonly fractured in the ankle?

A

the distal ends of the fibula and tibia

93
Q

What is located in the popliteal fossa?

A

popliteal artery and vein & tibial and common fibular nerves

94
Q

What is the popliteal fossa formed by?

A

semitendinosus, semimembranosus, heads of the gastrocnemius, plantaris, and bicep femoris (LH)

95
Q

The interosseous membrane has two apertures. Which structures pass through these apertures?

A

Superior aperture: anterior tibial vessels
Inferior aperture: perforating branch of fibular artery

96
Q

The anterior compartment of the leg preforms which motions?

A

dorsiflexion/ inversion and eversion of foot

97
Q

The posterior compartment of the leg performs which motions?

A

plantar flexion

98
Q

The lateral compartment of the leg performs what function?

A

eversion and plantar flexion

99
Q

The anterior compartment of the leg is innervated by which nerve?

A

deep fibular nerve

100
Q

The lateral compartment of the leg is innervated by which nerve?

A

superficial fibular nerve

101
Q

The posterior compartment of the leg is innervated by which erve?

A

tibial nerve

102
Q

The deep fibular nerve and the superficial fibular nerve innervate which areas?

A

anterior compartment and the lateral compartment

103
Q

Damage to the superficial fibular nerve could most greatly affect which action?

A

eversion of foot

104
Q

Which patellar facet is usually larger?

A

the lateral facet

105
Q

Which femoral condyle extends more anteriorly?

A

lateral condyle

106
Q

Which femoral condyle is larger?

A

the medial condyle

107
Q

Which intercondylar notch type is more prone to inury?

A

type A

108
Q

Which tibial plateau is larger?

A

the medial plateau

109
Q

Which menisci is more firmly attached the medial or lateral meniscus?

A

the medial meniscus is more firmly attached

110
Q

What are the main functions of the menisci?

A

shock absorption, stability, spread synovial fluid

111
Q

What is the function of the articularis genu?

A

it lifts the capsule during knee extension so it doesnt get pinched or smashed

112
Q

What is the largest synovial joint?

A

the knee

113
Q

What is the function of the infrapatellar fat pad?

A

it prevents excessive amounts of synovial fluid from being present in the joint and it optimizes pressure

114
Q

What separates the synovial membrane from the patellar ligament?

A

infrapatellar fat pad

115
Q

Which ligament is not attached to the capsule of the knee?

A

LCL

116
Q

Which structure passes underneath the LCL?

A

popliteus tendon

117
Q

Which ligaments can be found in the knee?

A

coronary ligament, patellar ligament, ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL

118
Q

Which ligaments are the main knee stabilizers?

A

ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL

119
Q

What type of displacement does the ACL prevent?

A

prevents/restricts anterior displacement of tibia relative to the femur

120
Q

What type of displacement does the PCL prevent?

A

prevents/restricts posterior displacement

121
Q

What type of motion does the MCL prevent?

A

prevents valgus movement

122
Q

What type of motion does the LCL prevent

A

Prevents varus movement

123
Q

The locking mechanism of the knee in closed chain involves what movement in what direction?

A

medial rotation of the femur on the tibia

124
Q

The locking mechanism of the knee in open chain involves movement in what direction?

A

lateral rotation of the tibia on the femur

125
Q

What is a Q angle?

A

an angle formed by a lone drawn from the ASIS to the central patella and a line from the central patella up to the tibial tubercle

126
Q

What value is considered normal for a femoral neck angle?

A

125 degrees

127
Q

Ligamentum teres carries a small branch of an artery that supplies blood to the head of the femur. What is the name of this artery?

A

obturator artery

128
Q

What is the major blood supply to the hip?

A

circumflex artery

129
Q

There are 3 ligaments that reinforce the external surface of the fibrous membrane and stabilize the joint. What are they?

A

iliofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament, ischiofemoral ligament

130
Q

in which motions do the fibers of the capsular hip ligaments become tight?

A

extension (fibers loosen during flexion)

131
Q

What movement does the iliofemoral ligament prevent?

A

hyperextension and ER

132
Q

What movement does the pubofemoral ligament prevent?

A

hyperextension and abduction

133
Q

What movement does the ischiofemoral ligament prevent?

A

hyperextension and IR

134
Q

What movement does the anterior compartment of the thigh do?

A

flex thigh at the hip and extend the knee

135
Q

What movement does the posterior compartment of the thigh do?

A

extends the thigh and flex the leg

136
Q

What movement does the medial compartment of the thigh do?

A

adduct the thigh

137
Q

What nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

femoral nerve

138
Q

What nerve innervates the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

obturator nerve

139
Q

What nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

sciatic nerve

140
Q

What makes up the boarders of the femoral triangle?

A

inguinal ligament (base), adductor longus muscle (medial ), sartorius muscle (lateral)

141
Q

What structures pass through the femoral triangle?

A

femoral nerve, artery, vein and lymphatic vessels

142
Q

What is psoas syndrome?

A

dysfunction of psoas muscle increasing lordosis and pain during upright posture

143
Q

Which muscles insert on the pes ansernius?

A

gracilis, sartorius, semitendinosus

144
Q

The profunda femoris artery branches off laterally from which major artery?

A

femoral artery

145
Q

What are the differences between a male and female’s pelvis?

A

women: pelvic inlet is circular, less distinct promontory, and broader alae, pubic arch is larger
men: pelvis inlet is hear shaped, ischial spine projects more medially, pubic arch is smaller

146
Q

What is a positive Trendelenburg sign?

A

contralateral hip drop due to weak glute med/min muscles or an injury to the superior gluteal nerve

PHTH 510 Anatomy (6 decks)

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