Practice Questions Flashcards
What glia produces cerebrospinal fluid
Ependymal cells
What glia is in the CNS, for germs and infection
Microglia
What glia is in the CNS and makes myelin
Oligodendrocytes
What glia is in the PNS and makes myelin
Schwann cells
What glia is in the CNS, and acts as a brain barrier
Astrocytes
What glia is in the PNS, and insulates ganglia
Satellite cells
Where on the neuron are neurotransmitters stored
Axon terminal
What are the detectors of the neuron called
Dendrite
What is in the cell body of a neuron
Organelles
Nucleus
Mitochondria
What division of the nervous system is responsible for generating voluntary movement
Somatic motor
What division of the nervous system is responsible for detecting touch
Somatic sensory
What division of the nervous system is responsible for detecting sensory stimuli in the body like BP
Visceral sensory
What division of the nervous system is responsible for digestive tract and autonomic
Visceral motor
What does sympathetic mean
Increasing energy expenditure
What does parasympathetic mean
Rest of digest to store energy
What physiological response is an output of the sympathetic nervous system
Bronchodilation
What physiological response is an output of parasympathetic nervous system
Pupil constriction
Decreased heart rate
Increased urinary output
What is a bipolar neuron
A cell with a single dendrite and single axon, separated by a cell body
What is a multipolar neuron
A cell with multiple dendrites and a single axon
Why is a unipolar neuron
A cell with a single dendrite that is directly connected ti a single axon
In a neuron at rest, which gradient promotes diffusion of K+ from the outside of the neuron to the inside
Electrical, only
Bc very (-) in cell, k+ very positive wants to move to (-)
In a neuron, the reversal potential for Na+ is +63 mV. What occurs at this voltage
Keep sodium out
No net Na+ current is observed
In a neuron, the reversal potential for Na+ is below +63mV. What occurs at this voltage
Na+ influx exceeds Na+ efflux
In a neuron, the reversal potential for Na+ is above +63. What occurs at this voltage
Na+ efflux exceeds Na+ influx
If a neuron has a voltage of +80mV, what direction will Na+ (reversal potential:+63mV) likely move
Out of the cell, as a electrical gradient will be stronger than the chemical gradient
What is an anion
Makes someone more negative
What is a cation
Makes something more positive
Researchers have discovered a new neuron that has increased concentration of intra cellular anions (-) as compared to more neurons, but otherwise has a normal ionic distribution. What is a likely value for the resting potential of this neuron
-80
Bc typical is around -68 and anion makes more negative
Researchers have discovered a new neuron that has increased concentration of intra cellular cation (+)as compared to more neurons, but otherwise has a normal ionic distribution. What is a likely value for the resting potential of this neuron
-50 mV
Bc -68 is normal and a cation should make more positive
What does it mean when the membrane potential of a neuron is -75mV
The membrane is slightly more Hyperpolarize than a typical neuron
The overall charge inside the cell is more negative than outside the cell
What does GABA inhibit
Cl-
What does glutamate inhibit
Na+
Does GABA increase or decrease the likliehood of an action potential firing via increasing membrane permeability to Cl-
Decreases
What is spatial summation
Input from several presynaptic neurons
What is temporal summation
Involves signaling to one postsynaptic neuron
During the action potential, which ion movement is responsible for the transition from +35mV to -73mV
Hyperpolarizing
Outward K+ movement
During a voltage gated action potential which ion is movement is responsible for transition from -55mV to +35mV
Inward Na+ movement
During a ligand action potential, which ion movement is responsible for the transition from -60 mV to +55mV
Inward Na+ movement
Are unmyelinated neurons fast or slow
Very slow
Are myelinated neurons fast or slow
Fast
What is the absolute refractory period
Neuron can’t generate another action potential
Na+ can’t open up
Where are local and action potentials generated in a neuron
Dendrites and axon
Transport dependent movement of dopamine from the synaptic space into axon terminal is an example of what type of neurotransmitter removal?
Reuptake
How are signals transmitted between neurons at an electrical synapse
Ion flow from intra cellular space of one neuron to another
How are signals transmitted between neurons at an chemical synapse
Neurotransmitters being released from one neuron and binding ti receptors on another
What is nodes of ranvier
Action potential goes down myelinated axon
What is synaptotagmin
Ca2+ goes to it then binds to SNARES and releases neurotransmitters
A loss of function mutation to synaptotagmin will lead to what abnormality
Inability of synaptic vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membrane
A loss of function mutation ti synaptobrevin will lead to what abnormality
Inability to dock synaptic vesicles at a presynaptic membrane
What is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the adult brain
Glutamate
What is glycine receptors
Inhibitory in brain stem/ spinal cord
What is dopamine receptors
Metabotropic can be inhibitory or excitatory
-associated w addiction
What are serotonin receptors
If ionchannel: excitatory
If metabotrophic: excitatory or inhibitory
What are GABA receptors
Inhibitory in brain
How does activation of GABAb receptor most often alter ion channel activity
Increase K+ exit from cell
Activation of what dopamine receptor combination is most likely ti enhance plasticity
D5 and D1 ( excitatory)
Which receptor is most directly associated w activation of the parasympathetic nervous system
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (metabotropic)
What are ionotropic serotonin receptors associated with
Nausea
Vomiting
Chemotherapy
What are metabotropic serotonin receptors associated with
Mood
Appetite
What MgluR go together
1 and 5
2 and 3
