Neuro Exam 1 Flashcards by Samantha Chick

Chemical gradients flow from what to what ?

High to low concentration

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What is an Electrical gradient

Opposites attract and like charges repel
Ex: Na+ moves in K+ wants to stay in

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What is the resting membrane potential

-70mV

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In normal conditions Na+ on outside is extra or intra cellular

Extracelluler

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K+ inside the cell is extra or intra cellular

Intacellular

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If Cl- is inside the cell is it more or less positive than the outside of cell

Less positive

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What is an ion channel

Allow for passage of very polar ions through a hydrophobic membrane ( tails don’t let ions through bc hydrophobic)

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Is ATP needed for ion channels

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Does an ion pump use ATP?

Yes apt is used to move against gradient, mediates active transport

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What is a ligand gated ion channel

CHEMICAL BINDS
Binding to a channel and allow the gate to open

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What is a voltage gated ion channel

ACTION POTENTIAL
changes in voltage across a membrane can cause channel to open.

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What are ex of ligand gated channels

Seratonin
GABA
Dopamine

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What are open ion channels

Protein inside that have been stimulated
Turned on (;

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What are closed ion channels

Protein hasn’t been stimulated. No action potential :(

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How can resting membrane be altered ?

Injecting current into a cell

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What is Nernst equation for ?

One ion
More for equilibrium

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What is GHK equation for

Many ions
Resting potential

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What is reverse potential

Same number of ions going into cell as same number that moves out.

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T/f the reversal potential has no net ion flux

True

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What are anionic channels

Want to push everything out

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What are heat stretch gated channels

Sensory pain paths
Temperature Change

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What is hyperpolorizatjon

Membrane becomes more NEGATIVE

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What is depolarization

Membrane becomes more POSITIVE

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What is a local potential

Change in potential difference in a small portion of neuron

Caused by activity or ligand gated ion channels

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Where do local potentials form

Dendrite

Is glutamate excitatory or inhibitory

Excitatory

Is gaba excitatory or inhibitory

Inhibitory

What does glutamate do

Activates Na= ion channels to get depolarization (more +) and excitation

What does gaba do

Causes hyperpolarization (more-) and inhibition

What is summation

Signals that determine if an AP will fire.

What is spatial summation

Multiple signals coming to 1 area and bombard cell all @ once

What is temporal summation

Multiple Signals coming from 1 neuron

Where is the location of voltage gated Na+ channels

Dendrites and cell body of neuron

How do voltage gated Na+ channels become activated

By a membrane depolarization and result in the influx of Na+ -55mV

What is the speed of activation for voltage gated Na+ channels

Open faster

What is the direction of ion flow in voltage gated Na+ channels

Opening of ion channnels to let Na+ INTO cell

Where are voltage gated K+ channels located

Dendrites

How do voltage gated K+ channels become activated

k+ channels open in response to depolarization na+ comes in and makes cell more positive k+ leaves the cell

What is the speed of activation for voltage gated K+ channels

Slow to open and close

What is the direction of ion flow for voltage gated ion channels

k+OUT REPOLARIZE TO -70mV

What is then purpose of myelin

Insulate the axon and prevent leaks, speed up conduction

What is nodes of ranvier

Myelin sheath that’s formed Faster electrical Impulse along the axon

What are gap junctions

Channel that allows ions to pass through

What is chemical synapses

The space between pre and post synaptic membrane

What are two excitatory neurotransmitters

Glutamate Cations

What are two inhibitory neurotransmitters

GABA anions

What are g coupled protein receptors

Can be excitatory or inhibitory Work independently Metabotrophic

What acts as a second messenger during neurotransmitter release

Ca2+

What is the role of synaptobrevin

One the NT are in vesicle, it docks with SNARE proteins to keep the vessel e close in proximity to the presynaptic membrane

What is the role of synaptotagmin

Once Ca2+ channels are depolarize, it associated with SNARE proteins to initiate fusion

What is reuptake?

Removal from synapse

What shape is glutamate

Round

What shape is GABA

Oval

Is it possible for a neuron to have glutamate and gaba?

No, only will have one never both

What does glutamatergic need to send important messages

PSD (post synaptic density)

Does GABAergic have strong or weak PSD

Weak Bc they don’t want a lot of change to happen

What opens first AMPA or NMBA

AMPA

T/f AMPA is ionotropic and binds glutamate and allow Na+ to move into cell

True

Does AMPA activate slow or fast

Activate and desensitize VERY fast

T/f AMPA is most permeable to Na+

True

What is the order for AMPA to activate

Glutamate binds AMPA opens Cation enters Quick depolarization

When does NMDA open

Opens 2nd

What is NMDA permeable to

Ca2+ and Na+

T/f NMDA has a Mg2+ block .

TRUE

What is most sodium permeable AMPA or NMDA

AMPA

what is most permeable to calcium AMPA or NMDA

NMDA

When does NMDA open

Only when membrane is depolarized

What is synaptic weakening

Low receptor activity bc not enough glutamate, so eventually not needed

What is synaptic plasticity

Sweet spot, moderate amount of NMDA to strength and maintain synapse

What is excitotoxixity

Too much NMDA = cell death

Does Gs have a secondary messenger

YES

Is Gs inhibitory or stimulatory

Stimulatory

What does Gs stimulate

cAMP by activating Adenylyl Cyclase

What does cAMP activate in Gs

PKA

Does the Gi pathway have a 2nd messenger

What unbinds and binds In Gi

GDP unbinds and GTP binds

T/f Gq pathway is direct

True

What pathway are DAG and IP3 associated with

What pathway is used for mGluR 2/3

What are the target proteins of mGluR1/5

NMDA, Gq

What effect on neurons do mGluR1/5 have

Increase NMDA receptor activity/ risk for exociyotoxicity

What pathway is used for mGluR2/3

What target proteins are for mGluR2/3

G betta and G gamma ACTIVATES GIRK

What is mGluR2/5 affect on neuron

Inhibit adenlyl cyclase but ONLY activates K+ channels mediating outward

What pathway do muscarinic acetylcholine receptors use

Gi pathway

What are the target proteins for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

Stimulate GIRK

What is the muscarinic acetylcholine effect on neuron

Inhibits Ca2+ channels from influx G beta and G gamma activate GIRK Hyperpolarize the membrane

What pathway does metabotropic serotonin receptors use

What are the target proteins for metabotropic serotonin receptors

K+ (excitatory)

What is the effect on neuron for metabotropic serotonin receptors

Keep K+ inside

What is the pathway used for GABAb

What does GABAb do

Hyperpolarize

What pathway does D1 use

What pathway does D2 use

What does D2 do to neuron

Turn off adenlyl cyclase