PRACTICE NOTES Flashcards by Jashmira Bhinder

E2 reactions must be

antiperplanar - H and Br opposite sides

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E2 favours (weak or strong) bases

strong

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state order of preference for E reactions

3 - 2-1

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solvent for E2 are

conj acid

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solvent for E1

protic polar, use poor nuclephile such as H20, OH

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what are solvent for SN2

aprotic polar

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solvent for SN1

protic polar

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for strecker synthesis what are 3 main steps

aldehyde
N added, replaces the O
KCN – isomerization

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gabriel synthesis steps

pthalamide, througth SN2 reactions, hydrolysis, and decarboxylation **isomerization

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which is more stable trans or cis

trans

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all are S configuration except for

cysteins

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for enantiomers do they have similar properties

yes

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racemic is optiacally ______

inactive

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diastermos have ___ properties

different

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D glucose and D galactose are

epimers

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meso compounds are optically ____ and do _____ polarize light

inactive, not, symmety

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if eclipsed state then _____

energy and unstable

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bond angle of sp3 is

109.5

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all large substituents are on ____ axi or equatorial

equatorial

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NaHCO3 is a weak or strong base

weak

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if a full negative cahrge is put on like a phenol it will or not disslove solubility

yes it will go on aqueous layer

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weak base can/not deprotonate carboxy acids

yes they can

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strong bases can deprotonate what

carboxy acids, and phenols

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with stereospecificit it will

preserve the same in substrate and product- its specific from telling the product you can tell how the config for substrate

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stereoselectivity is when you have

major and minor products, trans/cis

for alpha decay explain

alpha is lost so you minus 4, minus 2

beta negative decay is when lose electron, so in this case

add 1 to atomic number

beta positive it will

emit positron (electron to proton), minus 1 from atomic number

what is positron

ll the properties of an electron except for the polarity of the electrical charge,

electron capture is when

gain electron, so minus 1 from atomic number

which 2 decays are the same

beta positive and e capture

gamma decay is very ____

strong, dont lose anything

diverging mirror (convex) are always

upright virtual

concave lens (diverging) are always

small, upright virtual when negative focal point

if focal point is equal to f, for convex lens and concave mirros then

no image exists

if f>0, then it is

converging

if f<0, then it is

diverging

if m is negative then

upside down

if m is positive then

upright

if m>1, or less than -1 then

image is bigger

if i is +, then

real

if i is -- then

virtual

what can attach to the enhance to increase ___

cortisol, estrogen , attaach to inc transcription

where do transcription factors bind to

promoter

what sequnce in the promoter

TATATA

explain order of the strands

coding (+) to template (-) or antisesne to mrna which is positive

DNA polymerase moves along the template strand

in a 3'–5' direction

methlyation with ____ while hisotone acetylation will

dec expression, and acetyl will increase expression gene

th elonger the poly a tail, the more

stable

explain order of th emuscle fibe

skeletal muscle, muscle fiber, myofibril, microfilament?, sarcomeres

what is thick and thin

myoson, then actin

what band has only thin

A band has

think, h zone and then overlap which is darker

what 3 things troponin binds to

calicium, tropomyosin, and actin

when relaxed tropomysoin ____

blocks the myosin active site

this regualtes level of Ca during cross bridge thing

T tubules

when the sarcomers contract what happen bands

Z shorten, I shorten, H disappears, A stay same

what cause the relase of calcium in sliding filament

Ach release

kinetic favours for

low temperature and short rx time (1,2 product)

thermodyanmic favour

high temp, 1.4, and large rx times

this hormone type uses GPCR

peptide

peptide hormones are ____ and cann/not pass membrane

polar, NOT

what is common seocnd messenger

cyclic AMP

example of peptide hormones are

insulin, glucagon

this hormone is long lasting and pass throught membrane because ots

steroid, can pass, bc non polar

this hormone uses 1 messenger and HR complex

steroid

these are derived form tyrosine

epi, no repi, catcholamins and dopamine too

these are developed from tyrosine too

thryoid - thryoxin, use receptors

what are 2 ways for retrovirus to enter

throught receptors or receptor mediated & direct fusion (HIV)

enzymes involved with retrovirus

rever transcriptase, dna poly, integrase, ligase

integrase witll cut ___ ends, and then guide to

3 end, integrate dna to host dna in lysogenic phase

host dna will think its regaulr dna so it will make

mrna and transcripted, lated, and existed in vesicles (budding0 which is where it gets it coat and then so onl

to make a mature retrovirus use ____ that cleave the proteins

proteases