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AAMC FL#1 > PRACTICE NOTES > Flashcards

PRACTICE NOTES Flashcards

1
Q

E2 reactions must be

A

antiperplanar - H and Br opposite sides

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2
Q

E2 favours (weak or strong) bases

A

strong

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3
Q

state order of preference for E reactions

A

3 - 2-1

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4
Q

solvent for E2 are

A

conj acid

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5
Q

solvent for E1

A

protic polar, use poor nuclephile such as H20, OH

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6
Q

what are solvent for SN2

A

aprotic polar

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7
Q

solvent for SN1

A

protic polar

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8
Q

for strecker synthesis what are 3 main steps

A
  1. aldehyde
  2. N added, replaces the O
  3. KCN – isomerization
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9
Q

gabriel synthesis steps

A

pthalamide, througth SN2 reactions, hydrolysis, and decarboxylation **isomerization

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10
Q

which is more stable trans or cis

A

trans

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11
Q

all are S configuration except for

A

cysteins

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12
Q

for enantiomers do they have similar properties

A

yes

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13
Q

racemic is optiacally ______

A

inactive

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14
Q

diastermos have ___ properties

A

different

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15
Q

D glucose and D galactose are

A

epimers

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16
Q

meso compounds are optically ____ and do _____ polarize light

A

inactive, not, symmety

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17
Q

if eclipsed state then _____

A

energy and unstable

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18
Q

bond angle of sp3 is

A

109.5

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19
Q

all large substituents are on ____ axi or equatorial

A

equatorial

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20
Q

NaHCO3 is a weak or strong base

A

weak

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21
Q

if a full negative cahrge is put on like a phenol it will or not disslove solubility

A

yes it will go on aqueous layer

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22
Q

weak base can/not deprotonate carboxy acids

A

yes they can

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23
Q

strong bases can deprotonate what

A

carboxy acids, and phenols

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24
Q

with stereospecificit it will

A

preserve the same in substrate and product- its specific from telling the product you can tell how the config for substrate

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25
Q

stereoselectivity is when you have

A

major and minor products, trans/cis

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26
Q

for alpha decay explain

A

alpha is lost so you minus 4, minus 2

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27
Q

beta negative decay is when lose electron, so in this case

A

add 1 to atomic number

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28
Q

beta positive it will

A

emit positron (electron to proton), minus 1 from atomic number

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29
Q

what is positron

A

ll the properties of an electron except for the polarity of the electrical charge,

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30
Q

electron capture is when

A

gain electron, so minus 1 from atomic number

31
Q

which 2 decays are the same

A

beta positive and e capture

32
Q

gamma decay is very ____

A

strong, dont lose anything

33
Q

diverging mirror (convex) are always

A

upright virtual

34
Q

concave lens (diverging) are always

A

small, upright virtual when negative focal point

35
Q

if focal point is equal to f, for convex lens and concave mirros then

A

no image exists

36
Q

if f>0, then it is

A

converging

37
Q

if f<0, then it is

A

diverging

38
Q

if m is negative then

A

upside down

39
Q

if m is positive then

A

upright

40
Q

if m>1, or less than -1 then

A

image is bigger

41
Q

if i is +, then

A

real

42
Q

if i is – then

A

virtual

43
Q

what can attach to the enhance to increase ___

A

cortisol, estrogen , attaach to inc transcription

44
Q

where do transcription factors bind to

A

promoter

45
Q

what sequnce in the promoter

A

TATATA

46
Q

explain order of the strands

A

coding (+) to template (-) or antisesne to mrna which is positive

47
Q

DNA polymerase moves along the template strand

A

in a 3’–5’ direction

48
Q

methlyation with ____ while hisotone acetylation will

A

dec expression, and acetyl will increase expression gene

49
Q

th elonger the poly a tail, the more

A

stable

50
Q

explain order of th emuscle fibe

A

skeletal muscle, muscle fiber, myofibril, microfilament?, sarcomeres

51
Q

what is thick and thin

A

myoson, then actin

52
Q

what band has only thin

A

I

53
Q

A band has

A

think, h zone and then overlap which is darker

54
Q

what 3 things troponin binds to

A

calicium, tropomyosin, and actin

55
Q

when relaxed tropomysoin ____

A

blocks the myosin active site

56
Q

this regualtes level of Ca during cross bridge thing

A

T tubules

57
Q

when the sarcomers contract what happen bands

A

Z shorten, I shorten, H disappears, A stay same

58
Q

what cause the relase of calcium in sliding filament

A

Ach release

59
Q

kinetic favours for

A

low temperature and short rx time (1,2 product)

60
Q

thermodyanmic favour

A

high temp, 1.4, and large rx times

61
Q

this hormone type uses GPCR

A

peptide

62
Q

peptide hormones are ____ and cann/not pass membrane

A

polar, NOT

63
Q

what is common seocnd messenger

A

cyclic AMP

64
Q

example of peptide hormones are

A

insulin, glucagon

65
Q

this hormone is long lasting and pass throught membrane because ots

A

steroid, can pass, bc non polar

66
Q

this hormone uses 1 messenger and HR complex

A

steroid

67
Q

these are derived form tyrosine

A

epi, no repi, catcholamins and dopamine too

68
Q

these are developed from tyrosine too

A

thryoid - thryoxin, use receptors

69
Q

what are 2 ways for retrovirus to enter

A

throught receptors or receptor mediated & direct fusion (HIV)

70
Q

enzymes involved with retrovirus

A

rever transcriptase, dna poly, integrase, ligase

71
Q

integrase witll cut ___ ends, and then guide to

A

3 end, integrate dna to host dna in lysogenic phase

72
Q

host dna will think its regaulr dna so it will make

A

mrna and transcripted, lated, and existed in vesicles (budding0 which is where it gets it coat and then so onl

73
Q

to make a mature retrovirus use ____ that cleave the proteins

A

proteases

74
Q
A

AAMC FL#1 (4 decks)

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