AAMC FL#1 CARS Flashcards
if theres lower tumour volume then that means it
tumour supressing
defects in the MMR - mismatch repair can imply ____ mutations
genetic
introns do not have ___ and they do not ___
promoter, code (not even partially)
this site allows for the production of multiple proteins based on whether exons are included/omitted
splice acceptor site
this kind of protein are glycoproteins that mediate cell to cell connections
adhesion - binding
this protein works to form vesicles for intracellur trafficking
clathrin
this tag, is a sequence that tags protein for it to be transported into nucleus
nuclear localization signal
mature mrna will have ____ and is on 5” end which will signal the ribosome to go to the RER
signal sequence - transmembrane proteins - mature mrna
what is nicotinamide nucleotides
NAD
when are NAD neither ox/red
chemiosmosis (used for ATP synthase, and in photosynthesis) - use pump proton
in glycolysis and CAC is NAD reduced or ox
reduced
during initiation of muscle contraction - myosin binds to actin after troponin binds to which ion
Ca
an increase in the threshold for neuron firing would make it more ____ for a neuron to ____
challenging, fire AP
a decrease in the length of the depolarization stage will allow for a ______ of AP firing
higher frequncey
in the kidney where is the glomerular filtrate its highest concentration
medullary portion of collecting duct - final structure - where all water reabsopriton occured
what measures the activity of the NaK ATPase
- measure rate of hydrolysis
- rate of ADP production
- measure ion concentration
NOT FREE ENERGY (note even a measure of rate/activity)
what is function of NaK ase during neuronl AP
restoration of the resting potential
hyperpolarzing happens when ____ channel open and ____ channel close
K, Na
depolarization of membrane happens when opening of ___ channels which is __________ from the NaK ase
sodium, independant
what stimulates the AP
release of neurotransmitter bind to ligand gated channels
transcription factors bind to ___ specific/binds to the _____ region
dna, promoter
what molecules pass membrane diffuse
small, hydrophobic, and if planar
activation of a protein by protein kinase means its getting
phosphorlated - transfer of phosphate groups
what are products of ATP ase
ADP and Pi
these are specialized microdomain in membrane, and have all protein, carbs, and lipids different from rest of membrane + CHOLESTEROL RICH
lipid raft
these protein form specialized sites on cell surface that allow cells to recognize each other
peripheral
which mitotic phase included microtubulues
anaphase - need to move opp poles
the initial filtration step in gomerus of kidney occurs by
passive flow due to pressure difference
what are the 3 pressure that work together to regualte filtration in glomerus
- glom capillary
- capsular hydrostatic
- blood colloidt
there is active transport of _________ in the loop of henle
electrolytes
to modify rate of rx, enzyme can ____ with the substrate, _____ the ph, and alter_____
co-localize w the substrate, and alter ph (acidic, or nonpolar), and can alter substrate shape - bond breaking
why would ornithine not become a protien even tho in our cells
if in our cells, it has been consumes, but overall there is no genetic code for it. if its a.a., it can automatically form a peptide bond, charge wont prevent to become a protein
if decarboxylase helps to convert something then its known as
enzyme (pplus ends with ase)
which enzymes are capable of changing the chirality of molecule
isomerase (epimerase or racemase)
acetyl coenzyme a (acetyle co a) particapte in
CAC
Mature erythrocytes dont contain
DNA - No nucleus or mitochondria
which cell present as most important role in gas exchnage
epithelial cells - form barriers between blood vessels and surrounding tissues
animal viruses can only infect
animal cells, not bacteria so they wont grow in agar plate with bacteria - cant hijack - they are obligate parasites
some viruses do contain
dna
viruses depend on hosts to survive and ____assimilate carbon
cannot
telomeres are not important to bacterial chromosome because they are
circular
is bacteria double stranded
yes
Aldosterone eliminate what
potassium
what kind of hormone are glucocorticoids, synthesized where
steroid, adrenal cortex
high level of glucocortico causes
muscle wekaness, because of protein degradtaion
gluconegenisis has products that come from
other metabolites, lipids and a.a
exercise can help what diabetes
both - because use glucose in insulin independant manner
where is it likely for insulin cleavage to occur in cell
ER - endomembrane sys, because this is where modify the proteins
