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AAMC FL#1 > AAMC FL#1 CARS > Flashcards

AAMC FL#1 CARS Flashcards

1
Q

if theres lower tumour volume then that means it

A

tumour supressing

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2
Q

defects in the MMR - mismatch repair can imply ____ mutations

A

genetic

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3
Q

introns do not have ___ and they do not ___

A

promoter, code (not even partially)

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4
Q

this site allows for the production of multiple proteins based on whether exons are included/omitted

A

splice acceptor site

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5
Q

this kind of protein are glycoproteins that mediate cell to cell connections

A

adhesion - binding

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6
Q

this protein works to form vesicles for intracellur trafficking

A

clathrin

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7
Q

this tag, is a sequence that tags protein for it to be transported into nucleus

A

nuclear localization signal

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8
Q

mature mrna will have ____ and is on 5” end which will signal the ribosome to go to the RER

A

signal sequence - transmembrane proteins - mature mrna

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9
Q

what is nicotinamide nucleotides

A

NAD

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10
Q

when are NAD neither ox/red

A

chemiosmosis (used for ATP synthase, and in photosynthesis) - use pump proton

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11
Q

in glycolysis and CAC is NAD reduced or ox

A

reduced

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12
Q

during initiation of muscle contraction - myosin binds to actin after troponin binds to which ion

A

Ca

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13
Q

an increase in the threshold for neuron firing would make it more ____ for a neuron to ____

A

challenging, fire AP

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14
Q

a decrease in the length of the depolarization stage will allow for a ______ of AP firing

A

higher frequncey

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15
Q

in the kidney where is the glomerular filtrate its highest concentration

A

medullary portion of collecting duct - final structure - where all water reabsopriton occured

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16
Q

what measures the activity of the NaK ATPase

A
  1. measure rate of hydrolysis
  2. rate of ADP production
  3. measure ion concentration
    NOT FREE ENERGY (note even a measure of rate/activity)
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17
Q

what is function of NaK ase during neuronl AP

A

restoration of the resting potential

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18
Q

hyperpolarzing happens when ____ channel open and ____ channel close

A

K, Na

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19
Q

depolarization of membrane happens when opening of ___ channels which is __________ from the NaK ase

A

sodium, independant

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20
Q

what stimulates the AP

A

release of neurotransmitter bind to ligand gated channels

21
Q

transcription factors bind to ___ specific/binds to the _____ region

A

dna, promoter

22
Q

what molecules pass membrane diffuse

A

small, hydrophobic, and if planar

23
Q

activation of a protein by protein kinase means its getting

A

phosphorlated - transfer of phosphate groups

24
Q

what are products of ATP ase

A

ADP and Pi

25
Q

these are specialized microdomain in membrane, and have all protein, carbs, and lipids different from rest of membrane + CHOLESTEROL RICH

A

lipid raft

26
Q

these protein form specialized sites on cell surface that allow cells to recognize each other

A

peripheral

27
Q

which mitotic phase included microtubulues

A

anaphase - need to move opp poles

28
Q

the initial filtration step in gomerus of kidney occurs by

A

passive flow due to pressure difference

29
Q

what are the 3 pressure that work together to regualte filtration in glomerus

A
  1. glom capillary
  2. capsular hydrostatic
  3. blood colloidt
30
Q

there is active transport of _________ in the loop of henle

A

electrolytes

31
Q

to modify rate of rx, enzyme can ____ with the substrate, _____ the ph, and alter_____

A

co-localize w the substrate, and alter ph (acidic, or nonpolar), and can alter substrate shape - bond breaking

32
Q

why would ornithine not become a protien even tho in our cells

A

if in our cells, it has been consumes, but overall there is no genetic code for it. if its a.a., it can automatically form a peptide bond, charge wont prevent to become a protein

33
Q

if decarboxylase helps to convert something then its known as

A

enzyme (pplus ends with ase)

34
Q

which enzymes are capable of changing the chirality of molecule

A

isomerase (epimerase or racemase)

35
Q

acetyl coenzyme a (acetyle co a) particapte in

A

CAC

36
Q

Mature erythrocytes dont contain

A

DNA - No nucleus or mitochondria

37
Q

which cell present as most important role in gas exchnage

A

epithelial cells - form barriers between blood vessels and surrounding tissues

38
Q

animal viruses can only infect

A

animal cells, not bacteria so they wont grow in agar plate with bacteria - cant hijack - they are obligate parasites

39
Q

some viruses do contain

A

dna

40
Q

viruses depend on hosts to survive and ____assimilate carbon

A

cannot

41
Q

telomeres are not important to bacterial chromosome because they are

A

circular

42
Q

is bacteria double stranded

A

yes

43
Q

Aldosterone eliminate what

A

potassium

44
Q

what kind of hormone are glucocorticoids, synthesized where

A

steroid, adrenal cortex

45
Q

high level of glucocortico causes

A

muscle wekaness, because of protein degradtaion

46
Q

gluconegenisis has products that come from

A

other metabolites, lipids and a.a

47
Q

exercise can help what diabetes

A

both - because use glucose in insulin independant manner

48
Q

where is it likely for insulin cleavage to occur in cell

A

ER - endomembrane sys, because this is where modify the proteins

49
Q
A

AAMC FL#1 (4 decks)

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