AAMC FL#1 CARS

Question 1

if theres lower tumour volume then that means it

Answer 1

tumour supressing

Question 2

defects in the MMR - mismatch repair can imply ____ mutations

Answer 2

genetic

Question 3

introns do not have ___ and they do not ___

Answer 3

promoter, code (not even partially)

Question 4

this site allows for the production of multiple proteins based on whether exons are included/omitted

Answer 4

splice acceptor site

Question 5

this kind of protein are glycoproteins that mediate cell to cell connections

Answer 5

adhesion - binding

Question 6

this protein works to form vesicles for intracellur trafficking

Answer 6

clathrin

Question 7

this tag, is a sequence that tags protein for it to be transported into nucleus

Answer 7

nuclear localization signal

Question 8

mature mrna will have ____ and is on 5” end which will signal the ribosome to go to the RER

Answer 8

signal sequence - transmembrane proteins - mature mrna

Question 9

what is nicotinamide nucleotides

Answer 9

NAD

Question 10

when are NAD neither ox/red

Answer 10

chemiosmosis (used for ATP synthase, and in photosynthesis) - use pump proton

Question 11

in glycolysis and CAC is NAD reduced or ox

Answer 11

reduced

Question 12

during initiation of muscle contraction - myosin binds to actin after troponin binds to which ion

Answer 12

Ca

Question 13

an increase in the threshold for neuron firing would make it more ____ for a neuron to ____

Answer 13

challenging, fire AP

Question 14

a decrease in the length of the depolarization stage will allow for a ______ of AP firing

Answer 14

higher frequncey

Question 15

in the kidney where is the glomerular filtrate its highest concentration

Answer 15

medullary portion of collecting duct - final structure - where all water reabsopriton occured

Question 16

what measures the activity of the NaK ATPase

Answer 16

1. measure rate of hydrolysis
2. rate of ADP production
3. measure ion concentration
   NOT FREE ENERGY (note even a measure of rate/activity)

Question 17

what is function of NaK ase during neuronl AP

Answer 17

restoration of the resting potential

Question 18

hyperpolarzing happens when ____ channel open and ____ channel close

Answer 18

K, Na

Question 19

depolarization of membrane happens when opening of ___ channels which is __________ from the NaK ase

Answer 19

sodium, independant

Question 20

what stimulates the AP

Answer 20

release of neurotransmitter bind to ligand gated channels

Question 21

transcription factors bind to ___ specific/binds to the _____ region

Answer 21

dna, promoter

Question 22

what molecules pass membrane diffuse

Answer 22

small, hydrophobic, and if planar

Question 23

activation of a protein by protein kinase means its getting

Answer 23

phosphorlated - transfer of phosphate groups

Question 24

what are products of ATP ase

Answer 24

ADP and Pi

Question 25

these are specialized microdomain in membrane, and have all protein, carbs, and lipids different from rest of membrane + CHOLESTEROL RICH

Answer 25

lipid raft

Question 26

these protein form specialized sites on cell surface that allow cells to recognize each other

Answer 26

peripheral

Question 27

which mitotic phase included microtubulues

Answer 27

anaphase - need to move opp poles

Question 28

the initial filtration step in gomerus of kidney occurs by

Answer 28

passive flow due to pressure difference

Question 29

what are the 3 pressure that work together to regualte filtration in glomerus

Answer 29

1. glom capillary 2. capsular hydrostatic 3. blood colloidt

Question 30

there is active transport of _________ in the loop of henle

Answer 30

electrolytes

Question 31

to modify rate of rx, enzyme can ____ with the substrate, _____ the ph, and alter_____

Answer 31

co-localize w the substrate, and alter ph (acidic, or nonpolar), and can alter substrate shape - bond breaking

Question 32

why would ornithine not become a protien even tho in our cells

Answer 32

if in our cells, it has been consumes, but overall there is no genetic code for it. if its a.a., it can automatically form a peptide bond, charge wont prevent to become a protein

Question 33

if decarboxylase helps to convert something then its known as

Answer 33

enzyme (pplus ends with ase)

Question 34

which enzymes are capable of changing the chirality of molecule

Answer 34

isomerase (epimerase or racemase)

Question 35

acetyl coenzyme a (acetyle co a) particapte in

Answer 35

CAC

Question 36

Mature erythrocytes dont contain

Answer 36

DNA - No nucleus or mitochondria

Question 37

which cell present as most important role in gas exchnage

Answer 37

epithelial cells - form barriers between blood vessels and surrounding tissues

Question 38

animal viruses can only infect

Answer 38

animal cells, not bacteria so they wont grow in agar plate with bacteria - cant hijack - they are obligate parasites

Question 39

some viruses do contain

Answer 39

dna

Question 40

viruses depend on hosts to survive and ____assimilate carbon

Answer 40

cannot

Question 41

telomeres are not important to bacterial chromosome because they are

Answer 41

circular

Question 42

is bacteria double stranded

Answer 42

yes

Question 43

Aldosterone eliminate what

Answer 43

potassium

Question 44

what kind of hormone are glucocorticoids, synthesized where

Answer 44

steroid, adrenal cortex

Question 45

high level of glucocortico causes

Answer 45

muscle wekaness, because of protein degradtaion

Question 46

gluconegenisis has products that come from

Answer 46

other metabolites, lipids and a.a

Question 47

exercise can help what diabetes

Answer 47

both - because use glucose in insulin independant manner

Question 48

where is it likely for insulin cleavage to occur in cell

Answer 48

ER - endomembrane sys, because this is where modify the proteins