Practice framework

Question 1

Moralt treatment

Answer 1

1. Earliest treatment.
2. Principles of kinds, respect for patient, provide refuge and controlled environment.
3. Psychosocial interventions still underlie practice.

Question 2

Temperament Theory

Answer 2

1. Easy babies
2. Slow to warm babies - shyness
3. Difficult babies - aggressive, adhd, antisocial, hyperactivity, impulsivity.
4. Mixed temperament

Social and cultural influences on temperament - individualism/independence vs collectivism/interdependence.

Temperament over time -

Question 3

Attachment theory

Answer 3

Innate.
Maternal deprivation - negative effect on intelligence, language development, ability to form relationships.
1. Bowlby’s theory of attachment - attachment provides sense of security, calmness, comfort, and peace essential for longterm mental health.
2. Ainsworth -
a. ambivalent (or anxious, inhibited)- in both safe and stressful situations.
b. avoidant - may reject or reduce attention toward caregiver Does not seek love or comfort, no fear or distress. condescending, addicted to work.
c. Disorganized pattern - among maltreatment, frightened of caregiver, child freezes. CD, ODD, poss dissociation.

Question 4

Needs Theory (maslow)

Answer 4

a. Physiological - air,water, food, shelter.
b. Safety and security - shelter from harm, predictable social and physical environment.
c. Love and belonging needs - affection and acceptance from family and friends, intimacy.
d. Esteem needs - self worth, positive self image, sense of competence.
e. Self-acutalization needs - development of full personal potential.

Question 5

Drive theory (freud)

Answer 5

a. Id - unconscious, seat of desire, drives, wishes, and fantasies.
b. Ego - half un- and half conscious - aware of consequences of actions, judgment, reality testing, impulse control, formation of relationships. Conflict-free activities.
c. Super-ego - also half and half, moral conscience through internalization of values that takes place between 5-6 yrs of age.

Question 6

Interpersonal relationship (sullivan)

Answer 6

Motivated by:
a. satisfying biological needs
b. pursuit of security- belonging
Psychopathology problems emerge when experiencing barriers to satisfaction of needs or social insecurity. Therefore, people adapt their behavior to obtain the satisfaction.

Question 7

IP relationship theory (peplau)

Answer 7

Change is brought about with relationship between nurse and patient by reducing their anxiety.

Question 8

Adaptation Theory

Answer 8

The individual’s ability to cope with new or changed situations.
Hansell -
a. provides strategies that facilitate distressed individuals’s connection or reconnection with resources that will help them in adapting.
b. Humans make changes and adaptations to help them survive.
c. Unlike Maslow’s hierarchy, Hansell believes that an incomplete or unmet need affects all needs.
Roy -
a. response of an individual adaptive system to a constantly changing environment.
b.Nurse uses scientific knowledge to help pts adapt while also promoting health.
c. Adaptation takes place by:
1. short loop mechanism in which stimuli (int and ext) are processed via neural-chemical-endocrine channels.
2. long loop which are processed theory cognitive-emtoional pathways and more delayed response.
d. Nrsg focus on promoting adaptation in physiological, self-concept, role function, and interdependence.

Question 9

Modeling & role-modeling

Answer 9

1. Assumes wholeness of the individual.

2. the potential for adapting is dependent on the individual’s ability to mobilize external and internal resources.

Question 10

Biopsychosocial Theory

Answer 10

Three models of mental illness -
a. biological - mental illness due to abnormalities of brain structures, functioning, and neurochemistry.
b. psychological - MI as a result of previous conflicts, earlier patterns of perceiving, thinking and feeling, behaving.
c. social - Mi caused by dysfunctional interpersonal interactions.
Biopsychosocial - proposes that impairment in these three domains cause MI.
Risk factors vs protective factors

Question 11

Neuroplasticity/Brain Plasticity Theory

Answer 11

Brain’s ability to undergo function and structural alterations in response to internal and external environmental changes. Innately determined.

Question 12

REsiliency theory

Answer 12

a. capacity to deal with, overcome, learn from, or even gain from adversities of life.
b. inner strength, sense of optimism, hope, flexibility, ability to coupe with adversity, and forgiveness.
c. it is a dynamic process.
d. Adapting is something you cannot change, whereas resilience implies good emerging from adversity.

Question 13

Recovery

Answer 13

Pts with MI are advocating the same tx goals as those with medical issues - recovery.

1. Recovery is a process.
2. being responsible for their lives, accept what they cannot do or be, and discovering what they can do and be, ad accepting responsibility for pursuit all they can be.
3. Recovery is products of interaction between individual’s unique attributes.
4. May involve the rediscovery and reconstruction of sense of self.

Question 14

Evidence based care

Answer 14

1. psychoeducation programs
2. behavioral tailoring
3. relapse prevention
4. coping skills training
5. comprehensive program
6. cognitive behavioral treatment for psychosis.