Practice Exam 2 Flashcards
SC joint, how many degrees of freedom and name them
3 degrees of freedom
1.elevation and depression
2. Protraction and retraction
3. Anterior and posterior rotation
What type of joint is the sc joint and what bones make it up?
Gliding joint, proximal part of clavicle and manubrium and part of 1st costal cartilage
What makes up the ac joint?
Acromion process of scapula and distal end of clavicle
AC joint is what type of joint? How many degrees of freedom and list the motions that occur at this joint.
Plane synovial joint, 3 degrees of freedom
1. Internal and external rotation
2. Upward and downward rotation
3. Anterior and posterior scapular tilting
Scapulothoracic articulation movement happens here in response to movement occuring at what joints? Give example
In response to ac and sc movement, example arm abducts scapulothoracic articulation upwardly rotates, externally rotates and posteriorly tilts
Glenohumeral joint is formed by?
Head of the humerus and glenoid fossa of the scapula
Glenohumeral joint is what type of joint and how many degrees of freedom occur here? List them
Ball and socket joint, 3 degree of freedom
1. Flex/ext
2. Add/abd
3. Int/ext rotation
(Not true anatomical motions but occur here: horizontal add/abd and circumduction)
Anoxia
Lack or absence of oxygen
What is postconcussion syndrome?
A condition that occurs following a concussion. Can occur in mild cases of head injury that dont involve LOC or in cases of severe concussions.
Postconcussion syndrome S&S, duration of S&S
-persistent headaches
-impaired memory
-lack of concentration
-anxiety and irritability
-giddiness
-fatigue
-depression
-visual disturbances
Symptoms can start immediately or w/in several days following the trauma and may last for weeks or months before resolving
Postconcussion syndrome management
Refer patients w/persistent symptoms
-factors such as previous concussions can complicate recovery time
(Sub-symptom aerobic exercise may improve outcomes for individuals w/persistent symptoms)
What is second-impact syndrome? Who is it more likely to occur in?
Rapid swelling and herniation of the brain after a second head injury that occurs before an initial head injury has resolved. Second impact can be minor, even a blow to the chest, anything that is enough to snap the patients head back and cause acceleration/deceleration forces to a brain thats already compromised.
-most likely to occur in individuals less than 20 years of age
Second-impact syndrome S&S
-patient doesnt usually lose consciousness, may look stunned.
-may be able to remove themselves off the field but within 15 seconds to several minutes they rapidly deteriorate: pupils dilate, loss of eye movement, loss of consciousness leading to coma, respiratory failure
(Second-impact syndrome is a life-threatening injury that has a 50% mortality rate)
Second-impact syndrome management
-life-threatening emergency that has to be addressed within 5 minutes by dramatic life saving efforts in an emergency care facility.
-best way for an AT to manage it, is to prevent it from happening, be careful when deciding to return an athlete to play after an initial head injury
Hypoxia
Insufficient oxygen delivery
What bones form the ankle joint? What is this joint aka?
Distal portion of fibula (lateral malleolus), distal portion of tibia (medial malleolus), and talus ( trochlea-superior articular surface of talus)
AKA-ankle mortise
What type of joint is the ankle joint? What movements occur here?
-hinge joint
-plantarflexion and dorsiflexion
Subtalar joint is the articulation between?
Talus and calcaneus
What movements occur at the subtalar joint?
Inversion, eversion, pronation, and supination
Axonotmesis
Group of more severe nerve injuries, where your nerves stretch and become damaged
Neurotmesis
Serious nerve injury in which your nerve is completely cut (severed)
Paresthesia
Tingling/prickling, “pins and needles” sensation
Neurodynia
Nerve pain; pain of a severe, throbbing, or stabbing nature along the course of distribution of a nerve
Neuropraxia
Mildest form of traumatic peripheral nerve injury. Nerve stays intact but results in blockage of nerve conduction results in temporary loss of motor and sensory function. transient weakness or paresthesia
Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease
Avascular necrosis of the proximal femoral epiphysis
-occurs in ages 2-14, more common in males
-causes osteochondritis, reduce hip ROM especially abduction and internal rotation when hip is extended
-pain can be referred to the medial thigh (obturator nerve), buttock (sciatic nerve), or suprapatellar region (femoral nerve)
-positive trendelenburgs
-visible signs on radiographs: visible v on lateral epiphysis, calcification of lateral epiphysis, lateral subluxation of femoral head, coxa magna (assymetrical circumferential enlargement of the femoral head)
Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease intervention strategies
-maintaining good hip ROM
-making sure the femoral head stays in the acetabulum so that it ossifies into a round shape
Apophysitis
Apophysis is the location of a growth plate with a muscle attachment, inflammation of these areas is known as apophysitis
What is osgood-schlatter disease?
Apophysitis characterized by pain at the attachment of the patellar tendon to the tibial tubercle
-often represents an avulsion fx of tibial tubercle that is cartilaginous at first but hardens over time and then a bony callous forms and the tuberosity enlarges
-repeated avulsion of the patellar tendon at the apophysis of the tibial tubercle
-Usually resolves once the patient turns 18
Larsen-johansson disease
-apophysitis at the inferior pole of the patella
-caused by excessive repeated strain on the patellar tendon
-swelling, pain, and point tenderness
Osgood-Schlatters and Larsen-johansson disease S&S
Repeated irritation that causes swelling, gradual degeneration of apophysis and as a result impaired circulation
-patient complains of pain when kneeling, jumping, and running, point tenderness of proximal tubercle
Osgood-Schlatters and Larsen-johansson disease management
-decrease stressful activities until the epiphyseal union occurs, w/in 6 months. - 1yr
-ice knee before and after activities
-perform isometric strengthening of quads and hamstrings
What is jumpers knee?
Chronic inflammation at the superior pole of the patella (quadriceps tendinitis), the tibial tubercle, or most commonly at the distal pole of the patella (patellar tendinitis) due to overuse.
-usually develops in athletes that deal with mechanical overloading, quick acceleration/deceleration movements like jumping and landing
-Chronic inflammation of the tendon that persists for 3-6 weeks is known as patellar tendinosis
Jumpers knee S&S
-point tenderness at posterior aspect of the inferior pole of the patella (hallmark sign)
-patient complains of a dull aching pain after jumping/running following repetitive jumping activities
-may be thickening of the tendon but no effusion
-pain disappears with rest but returns w/activity
-also reports of pain w/stairs, squatting and feeling of giving out
Jumpers knee management
-decrease overall training volume rather than completely stopping activity to reduce the load on the tendon
-shockwave therapy and platelet rich plasma injections in combo with/eccentric exercise (performing eccentric sqauts w/25 degree decline board is most effective)
-patellar tendon brace/strap
What is Sever’s Disease?
Inflammation of the unfused apophysis in children. The most common source of heel pain in athletes aged 5-11.
-forefoot varus and a tight triceps surae are primary predispositions to this condition, repetitive tensile forces on the achilles tendon insertion on the calcaneus cause inflammation