Practice exam 2 Flashcards by Rachel Gunraj

Select ALL answers that are correct regarding the distinctions between the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Only the parasympathetic division has cholinergic preganglionic cells

Locations of preganglionic cells are anatomically distinct

Postganglionic cells use different neurotransmitters

Only the sympathetic division leads to constriction of blood vessels

Only the parasympathetic division has cholinergic preganglionic cells

Locations of preganglionic cells are anatomically distinct
Correct Answer

Postganglionic cells use different neurotransmitters
Correct Answer

Only the sympathetic division leads to constriction of blood vessels
correct answer

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Which brain structure receives input from the nucleus of the solitary tract and is directly modulated by visceral afferent input from the autonomic nervous system?

central nucleus of the amygdala
pulvinar
visual cortex

central nucleus of the amygdala

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Using the visual system as an example, which projection pattern is most likely to be considered ascending?

Superficial cortical layers to layer IV
Deep cortical layers to superficial cortical layers
Layer IV to superficial cortical layers
Deep cortical layers to layer IV

Superficial cortical layers to layer IV

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Using the visual system as an example, which projection pattern is most likely to be considered descending?

Deep cortical layers to deep and superficial cortical layers
Superficial cortical layers to layer IV
Layer IV to deep cortical layers
Layer IV to superficial cortical layers

Deep cortical layers to deep and superficial cortical layers

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An individual with optic ataxia is most likely to have damage to what brain region, and difficulty with what task?

Dorsomedial parietal cortex, pre-shaping hand to reach for a door knob
Right posterior parietal cortex, attending to left visual field
Inferotemporal cortex, identifying objects
Inferotemporal cortex, recognizing faces

Dorsomedial parietal cortex, pre-shaping hand to reach for a door knob

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A cerebellar lesion will typically result in uncoordinated movement. What is that type of movement called and what is its laterality to the lesion?

Ataxia; ipsilateral
Palsy; ipsilateral
Ataxia; contralateral
Palsy; contralateral

Ataxia; ipsilateral

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Afferents in the sympathetic nerve trunks can lead to ________ while afferents in the parasympathetic nerve trunks are primarily performing _________

Perceived visceral pain; unperceived regulatory functions
Unperceived regulatory functions; perceived visceral pain
Defecation reflex; Micturition reflex
Micturition reflex; Defecation reflex

Perceived visceral pain; unperceived regulatory functions

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A lesion in the hypoglossal nucleus or nerve will result in ___________.

An ipsilateral weakness in shoulder movements
A contralateral weakness in shoulder movements
An ipsilateral deviation of the tongue
A contralateral deviation of the tongue

An ipsilateral deviation of the tongue

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All tracts in the Basal Ganglia are:

Ipsilateral
Contralateral
Bilateral

Ipsilateral

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A Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus (MLF) lesion will result in: SELECT ALL THAT APPLY

Resting eye abnormalities
Loss of adduction of the ipsilateral eye
Loss of abduction of the ipsilateral eye
Ipsilateral nystagmus
Contralateral nystagmus

Loss of adduction of the ipsilateral eye

Contralateral nystagmus

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A positive Babinski means the patient’s ____________.

Toes flex down
Toes fan out
Knee jerk response is diminished
Knee jerk response is exaggerated

Toes fan out

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A positive Babinski is indicative of _________.

A corticospinal problem*
A corticobulbar problem
A lower motor neuron problem
A rubrospinal problem

A corticospinal problem*

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At the Level of VI and VII, the Corticobulbar Tract synapses to the __________.

  Facial Motor Nucleus 
  Nucleus Ambiguus 
You Answered
  Nucleus XII 
  Red Nucleus

Facial Motor Nucleus

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At the level of X and XII, the Corticobulbar Tract synapses \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 
Select the TWO that apply.
  Ipsilaterally; nucleus ambiguus 
  Contralaterally; nucleus ambiguus 
  Bilaterally; nucleus ambiguuus* 
  Ipsilaterally; Facial motor nucleus 
  Contralaterally; Facial motor nucleus 
  Bilaterally; Facial motor nucleus 
  Ipsilaterally; Nucleus XII 
  Contralaterally; Nucleus XII* 
  Bilaterally; Nucleus XII

Contralaterally; Nucleus XII*

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Both the Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia are necessary for the initiation of movement.
Correct Answer
True
False

Correct Answer

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Cranial Nerve _________ is responsible for taste perception in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue while Cranial Nerve ____________ is responsible for taste perception in the posterior 1/3 of the tongue.

  VII; VIII 
  VII; IX 
  VII; X 
  VIII; VII 
  VIII; IX 
  VIII; X 
  IX; VII 
  IX; VIII 
  IX; X

VII; IX

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The Corticospinal tract has a ___________.

Slight flexor bias
Slight extender bias

Slight flexor bias

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How many types of odorant receptors does a single olfactory neuron have?

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Lateral eye movements mean the eye __________ while medial eye movements means the eye __________.

Abducts; Adducts
Adducts; Abducts

Abducts; Adducts

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Lower motor neuron lesions produce: SELECT ALL THAT APPLY

  Weakness 
  Atrophy 
  Fasciculations 
  exaggerated reflexes 
  Babinksi sign 
  spasticity

Weakness
Atrophy
Fasciculations

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Lower motor neuron lesions lead to ______________.

Increased reflexes; Increased tone
Decreased reflexes; Decreased tone
Increased reflexes; Decreased tone
Decreased reflexes; Increased tone

Decreased reflexes; Decreased tone

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Match the characteristics with the correct cortical region:
Agranular neurons

Supplementary Motor Area- 2 & 4
Primary Motor Area- 1 & 3

Primary Motor Area- 1 & 3

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Match the characteristics with the correct cortical region:
Transition from agranular to granular neurons

Supplementary Motor Area- 2 & 4
Primary Motor Area- 1 & 3

Supplementary Motor Area- 2 & 4

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Match the characteristics with the correct cortical region: Single movement related activity

Supplementary Motor Area- 2 & 4
Primary Motor Area- 1 & 3

Primary Motor Area- 1 & 3

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Match the characteristics with the correct cortical region: Set related activity Supplementary Motor Area- 2 & 4 Primary Motor Area- 1 & 3

Supplementary Motor Area- 2 & 4

Olfactory Sensory Neurons (OSNs) regenerate throughout the lifespan AND are unipolar. True-True True-False False-False False-True

True-False

Select all EARLY events that contribute to cell death in stroke. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY ``` Neuroinflammation Excitotoxicity Calcium overload Apoptosis BBB injury Oxidative stress ```

Excitotoxicity | Calcium overload Oxidative stress

Select ALL the structures in the basal ganglia ``` Caudate Putamen Nucleus Accumbens Globus pallidus - internal segment Globus pallidus - external segment ventral striatum Substantia nigra Pulvinar Ventral lateral nucleus Subthalamic nucleus ```

``` Caudate Putamen Globus pallidus - internal segment Globus pallidus - external segment Substantia nigra Ventral lateral nucleus ``` ventral striatum=amygdala

Select ALL the structures that the indirect pathway goes through that the direct pathway DOES NOT: ``` Putamen Gpe Gpi Subthalamic nucleus Substantia Nigra pars compacta Substantia Nigra pars reticulate ```

Gpe | Subthalamic nucleus

Select ALL the symptoms of Horner's Syndrome ``` Drooping of eyelid Ptosis Ipsilateral pupillary constriction Contralateral pupillary constriction Apparent sinking of the eyeball Down and Out of the eye ```

Drooping of eyelid Ptosis Ipsilateral pupillary constriction Apparent sinking of the eyeball

``` Select that ion channel and/or receptor that is associated with each taste percept: Sweet eNAC- Ion Channel T1R2, T1R3- GPCRs T2Rs- GPCRs T1R1, T1R3- GPCRs Otop1- Ion Channel ```

T1R2, T1R3- GPCRs

Select that ion channel that is associated with each taste percept: Salty ``` eNAC- Ion Channel T1R2, T1R3- GPCRs T2Rs- GPCRs T1R1, T1R3- GPCRs Otop1- Ion Channel ```

eNAC- Ion Channel

Select that ion channel that is associated with each taste percept: Bitter ``` eNAC- Ion Channel T1R2, T1R3- GPCRs T2Rs- GPCRs T1R1, T1R3- GPCRs Otop1- Ion Channel ```

T2Rs- GPCRs

Select that ion channel that is associated with each taste percept: Sour ``` eNAC- Ion Channel T1R2, T1R3- GPCRs T2Rs- GPCRs T1R1, T1R3- GPCRs Otop1- Ion Channel ```

Otop1- Ion Channel

Select that ion channel that is associated with each taste percept: Umami ``` eNAC- Ion Channel T1R2, T1R3- GPCRs T2Rs- GPCRs T1R1, T1R3- GPCRs Otop1- Ion Channel ```

T1R1, T1R3- GPCRs

Select the taste percept that is associated with Type I cells SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. ``` Sweet Salty Bitter Sour Umami ```

Salty

Select the taste percept that is associated with Type II cells SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. ``` Sweet Salty Bitter Sour Umami ```

Sweet Bitter Umami

``` Select that taste percept that is associated with Type III cells SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Sweet Salty Bitter Sour Umami ```

Sour

The Anterior Corticospinal Tract is ______ from the motor cortex and the Lateral Corticospinal Tract is ________ from the motor cortex. Contralateral; bilateral Bilateral; Contralateral Ipsilateral; ipsilateral Contralateral; contralateral

Bilateral; Contralateral

The Apneustic Center _________ while the Pneumotaxic Center ____________. Inhibit inspiration; Facilitates inspiration Facilitates inspiration; Inhibit inspiration

Facilitates inspiration; Inhibit inspiration

The clinical symptom associated with Third nerve palsy Eye cannot depress when adducted Eye cannot abduct Eye is down and out

Eye is down and out

The clinical symptom associated with Fourth nerve palsy Eye cannot depress when adducted Eye cannot abduct Eye is down and out

Eye cannot depress when adducted

The clinical symptom associated with Sixth nerve palsy Eye cannot depress when adducted Eye cannot abduct Eye is down and out

Eye cannot abduct

``` The Cochlear nuclei is more __________ while the Vestibular nuclei is more _____________ at the level of 8/9 Dorsal; Ventral Ventral; Dorsal Medial; Lateral Lateral; Medial ```

Lateral; Medial

The corticobulbar tract innervates the facial motor nucleus for your upper face _____________ and for your lower face _________. Contralaterally; Bilaterally Ipsilaterally; Ipsilaterally Contralaterally; Contralaterally Bilaterally; Contralaterally

Bilaterally; Contralaterally

The Corticostriatal pathway's course is: Corona Radiata Internal Capsule Corpus Collosum Superior Cerebral Peduncle

Corona Radiata

The Corticostriatal pathway terminates in the: SELECT ALL THAT APPLY ``` Putamen Caudate Nucleus Accumbens Globus pallidus Substantia nigra pars reticulata Substantia nigra pars compacts ```

Putamen | Caudate

The direct pathway _____________ movement while the indirect pathway ______________ movement. Facilitates; inhibits Inhibits; Facilitates Facilitates; Facilitates Inhibits; inhibits

Facilitates; inhibits

The direct pathway goes directly from the _________ to the __________. ``` Cortex; Gpi Cortex; Gpe Gpi; Gpe Putamen; Gpi Putamen; Gpe ```

Putamen; Gpi

The Dorsal and Ventral Respiratory Groups are located in the ___________ while the Apneustic and Pneumotaxic Centers are located in the ___________. Midbrain; Medulla Medulla; Midbrain Medulla; Pons Pons; Medulla

Medulla; Pon

The Dorsal Respiratory Group is responsible primarily for ________ while the Ventral Respiratory Group is responsible for _________. Inspiration; Expiration Expiration; Inspiration Inspiration; Inspiration Expiration; Expiration

nspiration; Expiration

``` The indirect pathway comes in from the __________ to the ____________. Cortex; Gpi Cortex; Gpe Gpi; Gpe Putamen; Gpi Putamen; Gpe ```

Putamen; Gpe

The nucleus ambiguus is responsible for __________. Control of the salivary gland Taste for the posterior 1/3 of the tongue Control of swallowing Sensations of the middle and outer ear

Control of swallowing

The nucleus solitarius is located on the ___________. Alar plate Basal plate

Alar plate

The Pallidopallidal pathway goes from the ________ to the ____________ GPe; GPi GPi; GPe VL of the Thalamus; GPe GPi; VL of the Thalamus

GPe; GPi

The Phrenic nerve controls the _________ while the Intercostal nerves control ________. Diaphragm; Rib muscles Rib muscles; Diaphragm Aortic body chemoreceptors; Pulmonary stretch receptors Pulmonary stretch receptors; Aortic body chemoreceptors

Diaphragm; Rib muscles

The Vagus nerve is completely ____________. Ipsilateral Contralateral Bilateral

Ipsilateral

Upper motor neuron lesions produce: SELECT ALL THAT APPLY ``` Weakness Atrophy Fasciculations Exaggerated reflexes Babinski sign flaccid paralysis ```

Weakness Atrophy Exaggerated reflexes Babinski sign

Upper motor neuron lesions lead to _____________. Increased reflexes; Increased tone Decreased reflexes; Decreased tone Increased reflexes; Decreased tone Decreased reflexes; Increased tone

Increased reflexes; Increased tone

Visceral afferent terminals respond to __________ Chemical stimuli Mechanical stimuli Both

Both*

Voluntary saccades are controlled by ______ while reflexive saccades are controlled by __________ Frontal Eye Fields & Tectospinal Tract Tectospinal Tract & Frontal Eye Fields CN IV & CN VI CN VI & CN IV

Frontal Eye Fields & Tectospinal Tract

What are the outputs out of the Spino-cerebellum tract? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY SCP to Red Nucleus Fastigial to Vestibular nuclei and Reticular Formation SCP to VL

SCP to Red Nucleus | Fastigial to Vestibular nuclei and Reticular Formation

What can cause "watershed" damage? ``` Drop of blood pressure Stroke Heart attack Massive bleeding All of the Above* ```

Drop of blood pressure

What cranial nerve innervates the Lateral Rectus? Laterality? ``` CN 1; ipsilateral CN 2; ipsilateral CN 3; ipsilateral CN 4; ipsilateral CN 5; ipsilateral CN 6; ipsilateral CN 1; contralateral CN 2; contralateral CN 3; contralateral CN 4; contralateral CN 5; contralateral CN 6; contralateral ```

CN 6; ipsilateral

What cranial nerve innervates the Superior Oblique? Laterality? ``` CN 1; ipsilateral CN 2; ipsilateral CN 3; ipsilateral CN 4; ipsilateral CN 5; ipsilateral CN 6; ipsilateral CN 1; contralateral CN 2; contralateral CN 3; contralateral CN 4; contralateral CN 5; contralateral CN 6; contralateral ```

CN 4; contralateral*

What is one of the major negative consequences of BBB damage due to stroke? Allowing immune cells into the brain Cognitive deficiencies Dysregulation of aquaporin-4 All of the above

Allowing immune cells into the brain

What is the deep cerebellar nuclei associated with the Cerebro-cerebellum tract? Fastigial Globose Emboliform DentateS

DentateS

What is the function of the Vestibulo-cerebellum tract? Body and limb movements Planning and executive movements Eye movements and balance

Eye movements and balance

What is the laterality of CN I? Ipsilateral Contralateral Bilateral

Ipsilateral

What is the most likely type of stroke? Ischemic Hemorrhagic

Ischemic

What part of the internal capsule does the Corticobulbar Tract go through? Anterior limb Posterior limb Genu

Genu

What structures receive direct input from the Olfactory bulb? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. ``` Thalamus Pyriform cortex Olfactory tubercle Hypothalamus Amygdala Entorhinal cortex Hippocampal formation ```

``` Thalamus Pyriform cortex Olfactory tubercle Amygdala Entorhinal cortex ```

What type of pain does TRPV1 detect? Sharp pain Hot Cold Visceral pain

Hot

Where do Glomeruli synapse? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY Mitral cells Tufted cells Periglomerular cells Granule cells

Mitral cells | Tufted cells

Where is the region of the medulla that is responsible for automatic breathing rhythms? Apneustic Center Pre-Botzinger Complex Pneumotaxic Center Thalamus

Pre-Botzinger Complex

Which nucleus of V performs the following function: Controlling the muscles of mastication Chief Sensory Nucleus of V Mesencephalic Nucleus of V Spinal Nucleus of V Motor Nucleus of V

Motor Nucleus of V

Which nucleus of V performs the following function: Proprioception from the jaw Chief Sensory Nucleus of V Mesencephalic Nucleus of V Spinal Nucleus of V Motor Nucleus of V

Mesencephalic Nucleus of V

Which nucleus of V performs the following function: Touch and vibration from the face Chief Sensory Nucleus of V Mesencephalic Nucleus of V Spinal Nucleus of V Motor Nucleus of V

Chief Sensory Nucleus of V

Which nucleus of V performs the following function: Pain and temperature from the face Chief Sensory Nucleus of V Mesencephalic Nucleus of V Spinal Nucleus of V Motor Nucleus of V

Spinal Nucleus of V

Which pathway deals with pain? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY Anterolateral system Spinothalamic tract VTTT Medial Lemniscus

Anterolateral system Spinothalamic tract VTTT

Which structure aids in the refinement and coordination of movement? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY ``` Thalamus Basal Ganglia Cerebellum SMA PFC ```

Cerebellum