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Bio Exam 3 > Practice Exam > Flashcards

Practice Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Law of Segregation

A

Each gamete carries one allele for a gene since the 2 alleles separate during meiosis

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2
Q

Independent Assortment

A

Alleles for genes are determined independently of other genes

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3
Q

Random Fertilization

A

The sperm and egg that fuse are chosen randomly, leading to a lot of genetic variation between organisms

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4
Q

Mitosis

A

Type of cell division that creates 2 identical daughter cells

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5
Q

How many DNA molecules are there per chromosome?

A

2

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6
Q

The nuclear membrane reforms during which phase?

A

Telophase of mitosis

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7
Q

When do sister chromatids become chromosomes?

A

Once they separate from each other

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8
Q

Chiasmata

A

Points where crossing over just happened, hold homologs together
The homologs remain attached because sister chromatids are still held together by sister chromatid cohesion, even though some of the DNA may no longer be attached to its original chromosomal DNA.

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9
Q

Centrosome- what it is and what it’s made of

A

an organelle that organizes microtubules in animal cells. It is composed of two centrioles, which are cylindrical structures made up of microtubules.

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10
Q

Interkinesis

A

Interphase between meiosis I and II (No DNA replication but metabolic activity, helps cell prepare for meiosis II) (ADD MORE DETAIL?)

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11
Q

G0

A

Non dividing state cell goes into if it fails G1 checkpoint, maybe undergoes some metabolic activity. Stays there until it receives the go ahead signal to reenter cell cycle and enter G1 phase

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12
Q

G1

A

1st phase of interphase, cell growth and carrying out of normal functions, decides whether or not to divide

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13
Q

G2

A

Growth and preparatiomn for cell division, checks for DNA damage and correct DNA replication, goes to M phase if it passes

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14
Q

S phase

A

Where DNA synthesis/replication happens, between G1 and G2 phases

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15
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Last stage of cell cycle (After M phase)- cytoplasm of parent cell divides into 2 daughter cells (cleavage furrow with animal cells)

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16
Q

Tetrads

A

Homologous chromosomes pair up to form tetrads, in meiosis made of 4 chromatids. Exchange genetic material through crossing over, leading to an increase in genetic diversity

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17
Q

Prophase

A

-1st stage of mitosis
-Chromatin condenses into -chromosomes
-Nuclear envelope breaks down
-Mitotic spindle begins to form
-Centrosomes move towards opposite poles of the cell
-Spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores, moving them towards metaphase plate

18
Q

Metaphase(Where chromosomes are attached)

A

Duplicated chromosomes (attached to microtubules at kinetochores) line up at metaphase plate, ensures each daughter cell recieves correct number of chromosomes

19
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids are pulled apart into separate chromosomes, which move towards opposite ends of the cell as kinetochore microtubules shorten. Helps make sure both daughter cells get correct number of chromosomes

20
Q

Telophase

A

2 daughter nuclei form in the cells, nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes start to uncondense. Spindle molecules depolymerized. Last stage of mitosis

21
Q

Anaphase II

A

Sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite ends of cell, forming 4 haploid cells (n).

22
Q

What is the end result of mitosis?

A

2 identical daughter cells

23
Q

What is the end result of meiosis?

A

4 haploid daughter cells

24
Q

What is the sequence of events in mitosis?

A

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

25
Q

When does crossing over happen?

A

Prophase I of meiosis, with non sister chromatids

26
Q

What is the relationship between MPF and cyclin?

A

As more cyclin molecules become present, more MPF complexes form that tell
the cell to enter mitosis

27
Q

What is MPF? When is it produced?

A

“Maturation promoting factor”- cyclin CDK complex that tells cell to enter M phase. Produced when cyclin combines with CDK.

28
Q

What is cyclin?

A

A protein that combines with CDK to make MPF, a complex that induces mitosis

29
Q

What protein accepts G protein along the membrane?

A

Adenylyl Cyclase

30
Q

Adenylyl cyclase

A

An enzyme in the plasma membrane that converts ATP to cAMP in response to a signal

31
Q

What is the centromere:chromatid ratio?

A

1 centromere for 2 chromatids

32
Q

If you have 2 parents with the same phenotype and their offspring mostly have the same phenotype (with a few exceptions) what is the parent’s likely genotype?

A

Heterozygous

33
Q

Interphase

A

Stage between cell divisions that can be broken down into G1, S, and G2 phases. Cell produces proteins and cytoplasmic organelles,

34
Q

What is CDK regulated by?

A

Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

35
Q

What is adenylyl cyclase activated by? What does it do from there?

A

G protein, catalyzes cAMP synthesis

36
Q

What does cAMP activate?

A

Protein kinase A

37
Q

Are cells in meiosis II diploid or haploid?

A

Haploid

38
Q

When does chromosomal duplication happen?

A

S phase

39
Q

What are nonsister chromatids?

A

2 chromatids joined together from different sources

40
Q

How many chromosomes do gametes have?

A

23- haploid

41
Q

Are zygotes diploid or haploid?

A

Diploid

42
Q

What does meiosis do to the number of chromosome sets?

A

TUrns them from diploid to haploid

Bio Exam 3 (3 decks)

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