Practice Exam

Question 1

Law of Segregation

Answer 1

Each gamete carries one allele for a gene since the 2 alleles separate during meiosis

Question 2

Independent Assortment

Answer 2

Alleles for genes are determined independently of other genes

Question 3

Random Fertilization

Answer 3

The sperm and egg that fuse are chosen randomly, leading to a lot of genetic variation between organisms

Question 4

Mitosis

Answer 4

Type of cell division that creates 2 identical daughter cells

Question 5

How many DNA molecules are there per chromosome?

Answer 5

2

Question 6

The nuclear membrane reforms during which phase?

Answer 6

Telophase of mitosis

Question 7

When do sister chromatids become chromosomes?

Answer 7

Once they separate from each other

Question 8

Chiasmata

Answer 8

Points where crossing over just happened, hold homologs together
The homologs remain attached because sister chromatids are still held together by sister chromatid cohesion, even though some of the DNA may no longer be attached to its original chromosomal DNA.

Question 9

Centrosome- what it is and what it’s made of

Answer 9

an organelle that organizes microtubules in animal cells. It is composed of two centrioles, which are cylindrical structures made up of microtubules.

Question 10

Interkinesis

Answer 10

Interphase between meiosis I and II (No DNA replication but metabolic activity, helps cell prepare for meiosis II) (ADD MORE DETAIL?)

Question 11

G0

Answer 11

Non dividing state cell goes into if it fails G1 checkpoint, maybe undergoes some metabolic activity. Stays there until it receives the go ahead signal to reenter cell cycle and enter G1 phase

Question 12

G1

Answer 12

1st phase of interphase, cell growth and carrying out of normal functions, decides whether or not to divide

Question 13

G2

Answer 13

Growth and preparatiomn for cell division, checks for DNA damage and correct DNA replication, goes to M phase if it passes

Question 14

S phase

Answer 14

Where DNA synthesis/replication happens, between G1 and G2 phases

Question 15

Cytokinesis

Answer 15

Last stage of cell cycle (After M phase)- cytoplasm of parent cell divides into 2 daughter cells (cleavage furrow with animal cells)

Question 16

Tetrads

Answer 16

Homologous chromosomes pair up to form tetrads, in meiosis made of 4 chromatids. Exchange genetic material through crossing over, leading to an increase in genetic diversity

Question 17

Prophase

Answer 17

-1st stage of mitosis
-Chromatin condenses into -chromosomes
-Nuclear envelope breaks down
-Mitotic spindle begins to form
-Centrosomes move towards opposite poles of the cell
-Spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores, moving them towards metaphase plate

Question 18

Metaphase(Where chromosomes are attached)

Answer 18

Duplicated chromosomes (attached to microtubules at kinetochores) line up at metaphase plate, ensures each daughter cell recieves correct number of chromosomes

Question 19

Anaphase

Answer 19

Sister chromatids are pulled apart into separate chromosomes, which move towards opposite ends of the cell as kinetochore microtubules shorten. Helps make sure both daughter cells get correct number of chromosomes

Question 20

Telophase

Answer 20

2 daughter nuclei form in the cells, nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes start to uncondense. Spindle molecules depolymerized. Last stage of mitosis

Question 21

Anaphase II

Answer 21

Sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite ends of cell, forming 4 haploid cells (n).

Question 22

What is the end result of mitosis?

Answer 22

2 identical daughter cells

Question 23

What is the end result of meiosis?

Answer 23

4 haploid daughter cells

Question 24

What is the sequence of events in mitosis?

Answer 24

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Question 25

When does crossing over happen?

Answer 25

Prophase I of meiosis, with non sister chromatids

Question 26

What is the relationship between MPF and cyclin?

Answer 26

As more cyclin molecules become present, more MPF complexes form that tell the cell to enter mitosis

Question 27

What is MPF? When is it produced?

Answer 27

"Maturation promoting factor"- cyclin CDK complex that tells cell to enter M phase. Produced when cyclin combines with CDK.

Question 28

What is cyclin?

Answer 28

A protein that combines with CDK to make MPF, a complex that induces mitosis

Question 29

What protein accepts G protein along the membrane?

Answer 29

Adenylyl Cyclase

Question 30

Adenylyl cyclase

Answer 30

An enzyme in the plasma membrane that converts ATP to cAMP in response to a signal

Question 31

What is the centromere:chromatid ratio?

Answer 31

1 centromere for 2 chromatids

Question 32

If you have 2 parents with the same phenotype and their offspring mostly have the same phenotype (with a few exceptions) what is the parent's likely genotype?

Answer 32

Heterozygous

Question 33

Interphase

Answer 33

Stage between cell divisions that can be broken down into G1, S, and G2 phases. Cell produces proteins and cytoplasmic organelles,

Question 34

What is CDK regulated by?

Answer 34

Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

Question 35

What is adenylyl cyclase activated by? What does it do from there?

Answer 35

G protein, catalyzes cAMP synthesis

Question 36

What does cAMP activate?

Answer 36

Protein kinase A

Question 37

Are cells in meiosis II diploid or haploid?

Answer 37

Haploid

Question 38

When does chromosomal duplication happen?

Answer 38

S phase

Question 39

What are nonsister chromatids?

Answer 39

2 chromatids joined together from different sources

Question 40

How many chromosomes do gametes have?

Answer 40

23- haploid

Question 41

Are zygotes diploid or haploid?

Answer 41

Diploid

Question 42

What does meiosis do to the number of chromosome sets?

Answer 42

TUrns them from diploid to haploid