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Bio Exam 3 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is transduction?

A

Sending information to other cells (add more detail)

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2
Q

What does cyclic AMP do?

A

Helps molecules diffuse through cytoplasm
Activates protein kinase A, which willl activate all the proteins required to create a response

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3
Q

What is Cyclic AMP/cAMP? What is it activated by?

A

a tiny molecule that is the product that became activated by the G protein.

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4
Q

How is cAMP produced?

A

Rearrangement of ATP- acquires different structure, (1 almost triangular structure with 1 phosphtae instead chain of phosphates)

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5
Q

What do you need to recover/remove cAMP?

A

Phosphodiesterase

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6
Q

What are the ways to direct proteins?

A

Activate something more or make a new protein.

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7
Q

What does phosphodiesterase do?

A

Converts cAMP to AMP (reduces effect of cAMP in signal transduction pathways, act as an off switch)

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8
Q

What do kinases do?

A

Dephosphorylates ATPs and phosphorylates proteins, which activates them

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9
Q

What are some examples of kinases?

A

G proteins

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10
Q

What do G proteins do?

A

-Activate Cyclic AMP
-Cleaves GTP and becomes inactive.
-G protein can hydrolyze GTP–>GDP, which switches G protein–>ADP.

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11
Q

What is the G protein coupled receptor?

A

-Receptor that works with the G protein (binds with energy-rich GTP) (add more detail)

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12
Q

How does long distance signalling work? What is the pathway?

A

Receptor proteins on target cells (organ –> bloodstream –> target cell)

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13
Q

What is a ligand?

A

A molecule that bonds to another molecule

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14
Q

What is a cell’s first response in communication?

A

Shape change in receptor is usually first response in communication.

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15
Q

Where can receptors be found?

A

Surface or inside the cell, plasma membrane

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16
Q
A
17
Q

Ion channel receptors.

A

If a receptor is bound by signalling molecules, opens channel that allows transference of specific ions.

18
Q

What starts signaling pathways?

A

Receptor tyrosine kinases

19
Q

How do signalling pathways work?

A

Translate external stimulus into release of specific hormone from cells, which cause a physical response

20
Q

How does local cell signalling work? Where is it found?

A

Lets cells communicate through direct ontact. Especially important in embryos.

21
Q

What does local cell signalling move?

A

signaling molecules (Molecules made in response to a specific event).

22
Q

What does long distance cell communication require?

A

Requires receptors- proteins that can bind specifically to the hormone.

23
Q

What are integral protein coupled receptors?

A

inserted, span width of plasma membrane with extracellular domain and intracellular too.

24
Q

What do receptors do?

A

A receptor allows hormones to interact with cells so cell can respond.

25
Q

What does epinephrine do?

A

Epinephrine causwes pathway of molecules that makes an enzyme that can break down glycogen into glucose.

26
Q

What is the end goal of cell signalling?

A

leads to the regulation of one or more cell activities

27
Q

What are signal receptors?

A

proteins that bind to specific signaling molecules.

28
Q

What are some ways cells respond to signalling?

A
  • altering gene expression,
  • protein activity
  • producing/activating enzymes
  • Synthesize elements/molecules to break
  • Activating something with an enzyme.
29
Q

How do we stop responsing to stimuli?

A

Dephosphorylating phosphates with phophatases

30
Q

Intracellular receptors- Role and where you can find them

A

Part of the first step of signalling is receptor- Can be found in palsma membrane.

31
Q

Activated hormone receptor complexes can acts as ____________.

A

transcription factors

32
Q

Complexes between signalling molecule and receptor work as _____________

A

transcription factors

33
Q

Intracellular receptors - usually work as ________________initiating ________________.

A

transcription factors, gene expression

34
Q

What is cyclic AMP activated by? What does it do from there?

A

G protein, activates an enzyme to quickly spread information

Bio Exam 3 (3 decks)

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