Practice exam 12-13- the cell

Question 1

Explain why active metabolizing cells need to be relatively small.

Answer 1

Because as a cell expands the amount of surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The smaller cell is more active because relative to its volume its surface area is larger than a bigger cell. With a larger surface area (relative to its volume) this allows the metabolic processes to occur faster. Metabolic processes such as transportation of wastes across the membrane and diffusion can all occur at a faster rate.

Question 2

Explain the three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Answer 2

Prokaryotic cells: Smaller in size, DNA and organelles not enclosed, found in bacteria
Eukaryotic cells: DNA enclosed, found in humans, plants, animals, bigger in size

Question 3

Nucleus

Answer 3

contains DNA and serves as the control center of the cell.

Question 4

Ribosomes

Answer 4

tiny manufacturing plants that assemble proteins.

Question 5

Smooth ER

Answer 5

Endoplasmic Reticulum- synthesizes lipids.

Question 6

Rough ER

Answer 6

modifies and transports proteins derived from the ribosomes that are found along its surface.

Question 7

RNA

Answer 7

takes the coded amino acid sequence from nucleus to ribosome for protein synthesis.

DNA makes RNA makes proteins

Question 8

Endosphore

Answer 8

dormant, extremely durable cell produced by the bacteria clostridium botulinum which can lead to botulism.

Question 9

Golgi Complex

Answer 9

responsible for receiving lipids and proteins synthesized by the endoplasmic reticulum, altering their structures and shipping them to other parts of the cell.

Question 10

Lysosome

Answer 10

possess digestive enzymes which break down biomacromolecules.

Question 11

Mitochondria

Answer 11

convert the chemical energy found in food into ATP.

Question 12

Plasma membrane

Answer 12

separates the inside of a cell with the outside. Made up of lipids and proteins. contains specialized “pumps” and “gates” that regulate the passage of materials into and out of the cell.

Question 13

Microtubules

Answer 13

are hollow and anchored to the MTOC (Microtubule organizing center)

Question 14

Microfilaments

Answer 14

solid and create movement. found on the cytoskeleton

Question 15

Extracellular matrix

Answer 15

contains collagen fibers, found in human/animal cells.

Question 16

Aerobic Respiration and the purpose of ATP

Answer 16

Eukaryotic cells require mitochondria to convert the chemical energy found in food (glucose) into ATP. This process is called aerobic respiration. During cellular respiration oxygen is required to break down food. Carbon dioxide, water and ATP are produced.

Question 17

What is Tay- Sachs Disease

Answer 17

One of the normally present digestive enzymes inside lysosomes is lacking. Thus, a toxic lipid in the brain cells cannot be broken down. The resulting buildup of lipids in these cells can cause intellectual disability and death.

Question 18

Label Structures inside the CELL

Answer 18

Look at drawing