Practice Exam 1 Flashcards
In the early 1920s, the counseling profession consisted primarily of…?
Vocational guidance counselors
Culture is understood to be…
The background of patterns, language, psychological, and biological factors
Erikson’s psychosocial developmental theory is an example of…
Discontinuous, active theory
…is considered the father of career guidance and the counseling profession
Frank Parsons
Out of the following models of resistance, “noncompliance”, “negative social influence”, “power struggle”, and “anxiety control”, which is considered behavioral?
Noncompliance
What are institutional barriers (in group)?
Systematic barriers that inhabit group progress are frequently encountered in institutions, such as ample meeting space, scheduling conflicts, or staff bias against counseling services.
William Wundt is known for…
Founding one of the first psychological laboratories to conduct experimental research
A construct, such as a treatment group, that can be manipulated in a study is most often referred to as a(n)…variable?
Independent
Ethical principles that counselors are required to follow are called…
Mandatory ethics
The tripartite model of multicultural counseling competencies includes each of the following except…
An etic perspective
What is the tripartite model?
a. Tripartite model of multicultural counseling
b. Outlines three standards that inform multiculturally competent counselors, including self-awareness (e.g., the counselor is aware of his or her values and biases), knowledge (e.g., seeks to understand and appreciate the client’s worldview), and skills (e.g., employs culturally appropriate assessments and interventions)
Hubert wants to conduct a study on the effectiveness of role playing in groups of children who exhibit bullying behaviors. He doesn’t have much time because his colleague is on maternity leave and he is covering some of her cases. Nor does he have much funding. Under these constraints, the…research design might be most appropriate.
Cross-sectional
What is a cross-sectional research design?
a. a research design in which individuals, typically of different ages or developmental levels, are compared at a single point in time.
b. An example is a study that involves a direct comparison of 5-year-olds with 8-year-olds.
c. Given its snapshot nature, however, it is difficult to determine causal relationships using a cross-sectional design.
d. Moreover, a cross-sectional study is not suitable for measuring changes over time, for which a longitudinal design is required. See also cross-sectional analysis.
What is a time-lag research design?
a. Allows intergenerational comparisons (advantages)
b. Cohort effects (disadvantages)
c. Sometimes called cohort sequential studies
d. Involves the replication of previous studies on a modern day cohort using the same parameters as the previous study
e. For example: a study of parental discipline style conducted in the 1960s could be replicated on a sample of parents today
The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 was not responsible for…
Enforcing workplace safety and health standards
What act/law was responsible for enforcing workplace safety and health standards?
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHA)
What was the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 responsible for?
a. Establishing a national minimum wage
b. Providing minimum standards for overtime entitlement
c. Prohibiting the employment of minors
What is the triadic-dependent consultation model?
a. One of the most familiar forms of consultation
b. Consultation process is defined by the type of interaction that occurs between consultant and a consultee
c. Consultee seeks advice from a expert (consultant) about a third party client
d. Consultee relies on the consultant for help in resolving the client’s problem
e. It is the consultee that puts the consultant’s recommendations into action
What is the collaborative-dependent consultation model?
a. The consultee stills relies on the consultant for help while both parties contribute their unique background and skills to resolve the problem
b. Consultee and consultant must collaborate to help the client, because they both possess distinctive abilities and information that are critical to reaching a resolution
What is the collaborative-interdependent consultation model?
a. Ideal for addressing problems that are intricate and involve the larger society
b. No expert is part of this model
c. Everyone who participates in the consultation process holds equal authority and depends on the others for their specialized knowledge, making it necessary for each member to contribute to the problem-solving process
In group work, confidentiality is…
An ethical requirement of group leaders but not group members
A(n)…does not compare an individual score to a norm group but relies on the judgment of the professional counselor to interpret the data.
Nonstandardized test
What is a standardized test?
a. Designed to ensure the conditions for administration, test content, scoring procedures, and interpretations are consistent
b. Use predetermined administration instructions and scoring methods
c. Undergo rigorous empirical validation measures thus have some degree of reliability and validity
d. Individual’s test scores can be compared to the norm group
e. Examples: SAT, GRE
What is a norm-referenced test?
a. Individual’s score is compared to the average score (mean) of the test-taking group
b. Knowing the relative position of a person’s score in comparison to his or her norm group provides us with information regarding how that individual performed
c. Examples: College Admissions Test - GRE, SAT, ACT, MCAT, GMAT; Intelligence Tests - Stanford-Binet, Wechsler; Personality inventories - MBTI, CPI
What is an ipsative assessment?
a type of research procedure in which a person’s responses (e.g., scores) are compared only to other responses of that person rather than to the responses of other people. It is thus an idiographic approach rather than a normative one.
“Whereas one million white swans can indicate that all swans are white, one brown swan can falsify it.” That is, we can only approximate the truth. This description refers to the…paradigm?
Post-positivism
What is the positivism paradigm?
a. States that an objective truth exists and can only be understood if directly
observable.
b. Truth must be directly measurable
c. Quantitative research
What is the social constructionist paradigm?
a. the epistemological position, associated mainly with postmodernism, that any supposed knowledge of reality (e.g., that claimed by science or that provided by concepts such as good and bad) is in fact a construct of language, culture, and society that has no objective or universal validity.
b. That is, knowledge is contingent on humanity’s collective social self rather than on any inherent qualities that items or ideas possess
c. Social constructionists thus seek to uncover the ways in which individuals and groups participate in the construction of their perceived reality by looking at how various phenomena are created, understood, and accepted by the social institutions and contexts in which they exist.
What is the critical theory paradigm?
a. Centers on researchers taking a proactive role and confronting the social structure and conditions facing oppressed or underprivileged groups
b. Heavily tied to qualitative research design
c. Can be linked to postcolonial or indigenous paradigms
What is accreditation?
a. It’s voluntary
b. An accountability measure for schools
c. A way for educational institutions to demonstrate their quality to the public
*Is accreditation voluntary or involuntary?
voluntary
Judging someone’s worth by how closely he or she resembles European Americans is termed…
Colorism
What part of the brain regulates emotions and motivation?
Limbic system
What does the temporal lobe do?
Responsible for hearing and storage of permanent memory
What does the reticular activating system do?
Regulates arousal and attention
What does the cerebellum do?
Regulates balance
Out of the following options, “Addictions Counselor Level II”, “Professional Counselor”, “Assistant Director of Career Counseling”, and “Residential Treatment Counselor”, which is an example of an occupation?
Professional Counselor
What is an occupation?
a. The primary activity that engages one’s time.
b. An occupation includes similar jobs found in many organizations. Occupations exist regardless of whether or not individuals are employed in them.
Observing clients’ verbal and nonverbal communication and verbally conveying empathy and understanding of clients’ thought’s feelings, and behaviors are all important elements of what therapeutic technique?
Reflecting
What is paraphrasing?
to express the meaning of a text or utterance in different words, often for the sake of clarity or brevity.
What is interpreting?
Offer explanations or hypotheses for why events, behaviors, or interactions occurred
What is confronting?
Promote member self-awareness by pointing out inconsistencies between and among member statements and actions
Group members’ personal goals are generally…
Overt
Under the… a 3-year-old child who is suspected of having a disability is guaranteed to receive testing at the expense of the public school system.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEA)
What type of experiment is the following an example of? “Researchers compared students’ scores under Curriculum A with a matched comparison group and found better achievement for Curriculum A.
Quasi-experimental design
What is a quasi-experimental design
a. Useful when it impossible or inappropriate to randomly assign participants to groups
b. Often used with nested data groups or naturally occurring groups
c. Examples: Nonequivalent groups pretest-posttest control or comparison group designs, time series design
What are the five principles of ethics of the counseling profession?
a. Autonomy
b. Nonmaleficence
c. Beneficence
e. Justice
f. Fidelity
…is (are) based on biology, and … include(s) society expectations of behavior.
Sex roles; gender roles
What are gender roles?
the pattern of behavior, personality traits, and attitudes that define masculinity or femininity in a particular culture. It frequently is considered the external manifestation of the internalized gender identity, although the two are not necessarily consistent with one another.
What are sex roles?
the behavior and attitudinal patterns characteristically associated with being male or female as defined in a given society. Sex roles thus reflect the interaction between biological heritage and the pressures of socialization, and individuals differ greatly in the extent to which they manifest typical sex-role behavior.
What is gender identity?
a. one’s self-identification as male or female.
b. The important influence of societal structures, cultural expectations, and personal interactions in its development is now recognized as well.
c. Significant evidence now exists to support the conceptualization of gender identity as influenced by both environmental and biological factors
What is sexual identity?
a. A term the more comprehensively defines sexual orientation
b. Includes Physical identity - biological makeup
c. Includes gender identity - belief about one’s gender
d. Includes social sex role - sex roles adopted due to culture
e. Includes sexual orientation identity - sexual and emotional attraction
Classical conditioning was developed by…
Ivan Pavlov
What is classical conditioning?
a. A learning process, first described by Ivan Pavlov, that occurs when an environmental stimulus is consistently associated with a naturally occurring stimulus.
b. Specifically, classical conditioning involves the pairing of an unconditional stimulus (US) that automatically elicits an unconditioned response (UR), with a neutral, conditioned stimulus (CS) that after a number of pairings, results in the CS eliciting the UR now called the conditioned response (CR)
Individuals who demonstrate high career adaptability demonstrate…
a. Concern for their future work life
b. Confidence to pursue career goals
c. Curiosity for exploring career possibilities
Out of the following concepts, “preconscious mind”, “conscious mind”, “unconscious mind”, and “subconscious mind”, which is not a concept of Freud?
Subconscious mind
Freud contended that each individual possesses what types of consciousness?
a. Preconscious mind
b. Conscious mind
c. Unconscious mind
Who contended that individuals possess a subconscious mind?
Sigmund Freud
What is the preconscious mind?
in the classical psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud, the level of the psyche that contains thoughts, feelings, and impulses not presently in awareness but that can be more or less readily called into consciousness. Examples are the face of a friend, a verbal cliché, or the memory of a recent event.
What is the conscious mind?
in the classical psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud, the region of the psyche that contains thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and other aspects of mental life currently present in awareness. The content of the conscious is thus inherently transitory and continuously changing as the person shifts the focus of his or her attention.
What is the unconscious mind?
In psychoanalytic theory, the region of the psyche containing memories, emotional conflicts, wishes, and repressed impulses that are not directly accessible to awareness but that have dynamic effects on thought and behavior. Sigmund Freud sometimes used the term dynamic unconscious to distinguish this concept from that which is descriptively unconscious but “static” and with little psychological significance.
What is the subconscious mind?
a lay term that is widely used to denote the unconscious or preconscious mind as described by Sigmund Freud or the general idea of subliminal consciousness. It is also popularly associated with autosuggestion and hypnosis. Because of its imprecision, the term is now generally avoided by psychologists.
A … group is primarily remedial?
A … group is primarily remedial?
If a professional counselor would like to read critical test reviews of the Beck Depression Inventory, the counselor would be most interested in the publication known as…
Mental Measurements Yearbook
In a single-subject design, it is most important to…
Have the intervention be distinctive from what is naturally occurring for the subject
What is a single-subject design?
a. Single subject research (also known as single case experiments) is popular in the fields of special education and counseling.
b. This research design is useful when the researcher is attempting to change the behavior of an individual or a small group of individuals and wishes to document that change.
c. Unlike true experiments where the researcher randomly assigns participants to a control and treatment group, in single subject research the participant serves as both the control and treatment group.
d. An important factor of single subject research is that only one variable is changed at a time.
e. Single subject research designs are “weak when it comes to external validity….Studies involving single-subject designs that show a particular treatment to be effective in changing behavior must rely on replication–across individuals rather than groups–if such results are be found worthy of generalization” (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2006, p. 318).
Annabelle has been seeing her counselor, Adam, for a year. After she lost her girlfriend to cancer, she began to receive counseling from another mental health professional. Adam learns of Annabelle’s new counselor this week. According to the ACA’s ethical code, Adam should…
Ask the client for permission to contact the other professional to establish a collaborative relationship
… is associated with meaningful experiences linked to a relationship with a devine, nature, or the universe, whereas … is more ritualistic and organized.
Spirituality; religion
Operant conditioning is based on the belief that…
Learning depends on which behaviors are reinforced
According to the theory of work adjustment, tenure refers to…
How long an individual will remain with a company
At the core of individual psychology is the concept of…
Social interest
What is individual psychology?
the psychological theory of Alfred Adler, which is based on the idea that throughout life individuals strive for a sense of mastery, completeness, and belonging and are governed by a conscious drive to overcome their sense of inferiority by developing to their fullest potential, obtaining their life goals, and creating their own styles of life. This is opposed to the view that human beings are dominated by “blind,” irrational instincts operating on an unconscious level. Also called Adlerian psychology.
According to Kurt Lewin, Theory Z refers to a(n)
Laissez-faire leadership style
What is a democratic leadership style?
a. Facilitates member interactions
b. with leader guidance, members make decisions, take responsibility, set agenda, goals, and rules
c. sets norms encouraging member interaction, self disclosure, and feedback
What is an authoritarian leadership style?
a. Takes control of and responsibility for the group
b. Sets the agenda, goals, and rules
c. Serves as the conduit for member interaction (i.e., discussions occur through the leader)
What is an autocratic leadership style?
Same as an authoritarian leadership style
What is a laissez-faire leadership style?
a. Assumes little or no leadership or responsibility for group agenda, goals, or rules
b. Assumes members all have abilities to make changes and take responsibility for the group on their own
c. Lacks structure and directedness
What is Theory Z?
a managerial philosophy that emphasizes participative decision making by employees, the encouragement of team spirit, and the use of measures to develop greater respect between managers and employees.
Speed tests yield spuriously higher reliability coefficients is an example of what?
Reliability
…is a sampling technique that involves identifying convenient, existing subgroups and the randomly selecting subgroups.
Cluster sampling
What is systematic sampling?
a. Every nth element is chosen
b. For example, every 10th person on a national registry of school counselors would be selected
What is stratified random sampling?
a. A population is divided into subgroups based on important characteristics (e.g., gender, race, and marital status), and the professional counselor draws randomly from the subgroups.
b. The degree of sampling per subgroup can be reflective of actual percentages in a population or may be the same sample size per subgroup
What is quota sampling?
a. This method is similar to cluster and stratified, however there is no randomization
b. The professional counselor simply draws the needed number of participants with the needed characteristics (e.g., gender or race) from the convenience sample
John is in the midst of a divorce from Martin. They are currently civil although their relationship is tense. John is tired most days, especially after intense sessions. As a counselor who is going through a divorce, John is ethically expected to…
Stop providing counseling services if his or her emotions are likely to interfere with the ability to work and help clients
Barbara was in a car accident two months ago. When she first began seeing her counselor Eugene, she had difficulty sleeping, nightmares, and was scared of going to the grocery store where the accident occurred. She is not able to sleep through the night and has far fewer nightmares. When she does have nightmares, she is able to soothe herself. Being able to revert to previous levels of functioning is termed…
Resilience
Interpreting new information in a way that alters a person’s existing cognitive framework is called…
Accommodation
What is adaptation?
a. Piaget proposed that changes in cognitive structure occurred through adaptation
b. Change necessitated by new information
What is assimilation?
a. A type of adaptation
b. Occurs when an individual perceives and interprets new information in terms of a previously existing context
c. Adding a thought to an existing framework
Katherine Briggs and Isabel Myers developed the Myers-Briggs type theory, which was derived from the work of…
Carl Jung
Jungian counselors help clients uncover elements of their unconscious minds through
a. Spirituality
b. Dreams
c. Culture
Several students in Diane’s group said they were unsure how to negotiate with their family members without being aggressive. Diane asked the members to decide on a scenario, then she showed the group members the proper way to execute a specific skill behavior. This technique is called…
Modeling
What is validity?
It refers to how accurately an instrument measures a given construct