Practice Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
In the early 1920s, the counseling profession consisted primarily of…?
A
Vocational guidance counselors
2
Q
Culture is understood to be…
A
The background of patterns, language, psychological, and biological factors
3
Q
Erikson’s psychosocial developmental theory is an example of…
A
Discontinuous, active theory
4
Q
…is considered the father of career guidance and the counseling profession
A
Frank Parsons
5
Q
Out of the following models of resistance, “noncompliance”, “negative social influence”, “power struggle”, and “anxiety control”, which is considered behavioral?
A
Noncompliance
6
Q
What are institutional barriers (in group)?
A
Systematic barriers that inhabit group progress are frequently encountered in institutions, such as ample meeting space, scheduling conflicts, or staff bias against counseling services.
7
Q
William Wundt is known for…
A
Founding one of the first psychological laboratories to conduct experimental research
8
Q
A construct, such as a treatment group, that can be manipulated in a study is most often referred to as a(n)…variable?
A
Independent
9
Q
Ethical principles that counselors are required to follow are called…
A
Mandatory ethics
10
Q
The tripartite model of multicultural counseling competencies includes each of the following except…
A
An etic perspective
11
Q
What is the tripartite model?
A
a. Tripartite model of multicultural counseling
b. Outlines three standards that inform multiculturally competent counselors, including self-awareness (e.g., the counselor is aware of his or her values and biases), knowledge (e.g., seeks to understand and appreciate the client’s worldview), and skills (e.g., employs culturally appropriate assessments and interventions)
12
Q
Hubert wants to conduct a study on the effectiveness of role playing in groups of children who exhibit bullying behaviors. He doesn’t have much time because his colleague is on maternity leave and he is covering some of her cases. Nor does he have much funding. Under these constraints, the…research design might be most appropriate.
A
Cross-sectional
13
Q
What is a cross-sectional research design?
A
a. a research design in which individuals, typically of different ages or developmental levels, are compared at a single point in time.
b. An example is a study that involves a direct comparison of 5-year-olds with 8-year-olds.
c. Given its snapshot nature, however, it is difficult to determine causal relationships using a cross-sectional design.
d. Moreover, a cross-sectional study is not suitable for measuring changes over time, for which a longitudinal design is required. See also cross-sectional analysis.
14
Q
What is a time-lag research design?
A
a. Allows intergenerational comparisons (advantages)
b. Cohort effects (disadvantages)
c. Sometimes called cohort sequential studies
d. Involves the replication of previous studies on a modern day cohort using the same parameters as the previous study
e. For example: a study of parental discipline style conducted in the 1960s could be replicated on a sample of parents today
15
Q
The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 was not responsible for…
A
Enforcing workplace safety and health standards
16
Q
What act/law was responsible for enforcing workplace safety and health standards?
A
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHA)
17
Q
What was the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 responsible for?
A
a. Establishing a national minimum wage
b. Providing minimum standards for overtime entitlement
c. Prohibiting the employment of minors
18
Q
What is the triadic-dependent consultation model?
A
a. One of the most familiar forms of consultation
b. Consultation process is defined by the type of interaction that occurs between consultant and a consultee
c. Consultee seeks advice from a expert (consultant) about a third party client
d. Consultee relies on the consultant for help in resolving the client’s problem
e. It is the consultee that puts the consultant’s recommendations into action
19
Q
What is the collaborative-dependent consultation model?
A
a. The consultee stills relies on the consultant for help while both parties contribute their unique background and skills to resolve the problem
b. Consultee and consultant must collaborate to help the client, because they both possess distinctive abilities and information that are critical to reaching a resolution
20
Q
What is the collaborative-interdependent consultation model?
A
a. Ideal for addressing problems that are intricate and involve the larger society
b. No expert is part of this model
c. Everyone who participates in the consultation process holds equal authority and depends on the others for their specialized knowledge, making it necessary for each member to contribute to the problem-solving process
21
Q
In group work, confidentiality is…
A
An ethical requirement of group leaders but not group members
22
Q
A(n)…does not compare an individual score to a norm group but relies on the judgment of the professional counselor to interpret the data.
A
Nonstandardized test
23
Q
What is a standardized test?
A
a. Designed to ensure the conditions for administration, test content, scoring procedures, and interpretations are consistent
b. Use predetermined administration instructions and scoring methods
c. Undergo rigorous empirical validation measures thus have some degree of reliability and validity
d. Individual’s test scores can be compared to the norm group
e. Examples: SAT, GRE
24
Q
What is a norm-referenced test?
A
a. Individual’s score is compared to the average score (mean) of the test-taking group
b. Knowing the relative position of a person’s score in comparison to his or her norm group provides us with information regarding how that individual performed
c. Examples: College Admissions Test - GRE, SAT, ACT, MCAT, GMAT; Intelligence Tests - Stanford-Binet, Wechsler; Personality inventories - MBTI, CPI
25
What is an ipsative assessment?
a type of research procedure in which a person’s responses (e.g., scores) are compared only to other responses of that person rather than to the responses of other people. It is thus an idiographic approach rather than a normative one.
26
“Whereas one million white swans can indicate that all swans are white, one brown swan can falsify it.” That is, we can only approximate the truth. This description refers to the…paradigm?
Post-positivism
27
What is the positivism paradigm?
a. States that an objective truth exists and can only be understood if directly
observable.
b. Truth must be directly measurable
c. Quantitative research
28
What is the social constructionist paradigm?
a. the epistemological position, associated mainly with postmodernism, that any supposed knowledge of reality (e.g., that claimed by science or that provided by concepts such as good and bad) is in fact a construct of language, culture, and society that has no objective or universal validity.
b. That is, knowledge is contingent on humanity’s collective social self rather than on any inherent qualities that items or ideas possess
c. Social constructionists thus seek to uncover the ways in which individuals and groups participate in the construction of their perceived reality by looking at how various phenomena are created, understood, and accepted by the social institutions and contexts in which they exist.
29
What is the critical theory paradigm?
a. Centers on researchers taking a proactive role and confronting the social structure and conditions facing oppressed or underprivileged groups
b. Heavily tied to qualitative research design
c. Can be linked to postcolonial or indigenous paradigms
30
What is accreditation?
a. It’s voluntary
b. An accountability measure for schools
c. A way for educational institutions to demonstrate their quality to the public
31
*Is accreditation voluntary or involuntary?
voluntary
32
Judging someone’s worth by how closely he or she resembles European Americans is termed…
Colorism
33
What part of the brain regulates emotions and motivation?
Limbic system
34
What does the temporal lobe do?
Responsible for hearing and storage of permanent memory
35
What does the reticular activating system do?
Regulates arousal and attention
36
What does the cerebellum do?
Regulates balance
37
Out of the following options, “Addictions Counselor Level II”, “Professional Counselor”, “Assistant Director of Career Counseling”, and “Residential Treatment Counselor”, which is an example of an occupation?
Professional Counselor
38
What is an occupation?
a. The primary activity that engages one’s time.
b. An occupation includes similar jobs found in many organizations. Occupations exist regardless of whether or not individuals are employed in them.
39
Observing clients’ verbal and nonverbal communication and verbally conveying empathy and understanding of clients’ thought’s feelings, and behaviors are all important elements of what therapeutic technique?
Reflecting
40
What is paraphrasing?
to express the meaning of a text or utterance in different words, often for the sake of clarity or brevity.
41
What is interpreting?
Offer explanations or hypotheses for why events, behaviors, or interactions occurred
42
What is confronting?
Promote member self-awareness by pointing out inconsistencies between and among member statements and actions
43
Group members’ personal goals are generally…
Overt
44
Under the… a 3-year-old child who is suspected of having a disability is guaranteed to receive testing at the expense of the public school system.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEA)
45
What type of experiment is the following an example of? “Researchers compared students’ scores under Curriculum A with a matched comparison group and found better achievement for Curriculum A.
Quasi-experimental design
46
What is a quasi-experimental design
a. Useful when it impossible or inappropriate to randomly assign participants to groups
b. Often used with nested data groups or naturally occurring groups
c. Examples: Nonequivalent groups pretest-posttest control or comparison group designs, time series design
47
What are the five principles of ethics of the counseling profession?
a. Autonomy
b. Nonmaleficence
c. Beneficence
e. Justice
f. Fidelity
48
…is (are) based on biology, and … include(s) society expectations of behavior.
Sex roles; gender roles
49
What are gender roles?
the pattern of behavior, personality traits, and attitudes that define masculinity or femininity in a particular culture. It frequently is considered the external manifestation of the internalized gender identity, although the two are not necessarily consistent with one another.
50
What are sex roles?
the behavior and attitudinal patterns characteristically associated with being male or female as defined in a given society. Sex roles thus reflect the interaction between biological heritage and the pressures of socialization, and individuals differ greatly in the extent to which they manifest typical sex-role behavior.
51
What is gender identity?
a. one’s self-identification as male or female.
b. The important influence of societal structures, cultural expectations, and personal interactions in its development is now recognized as well.
c. Significant evidence now exists to support the conceptualization of gender identity as influenced by both environmental and biological factors
52
What is sexual identity?
a. A term the more comprehensively defines sexual orientation
b. Includes Physical identity - biological makeup
c. Includes gender identity - belief about one’s gender
d. Includes social sex role - sex roles adopted due to culture
e. Includes sexual orientation identity - sexual and emotional attraction
53
Classical conditioning was developed by…
Ivan Pavlov
54
What is classical conditioning?
a. A learning process, first described by Ivan Pavlov, that occurs when an environmental stimulus is consistently associated with a naturally occurring stimulus.
b. Specifically, classical conditioning involves the pairing of an unconditional stimulus (US) that automatically elicits an unconditioned response (UR), with a neutral, conditioned stimulus (CS) that after a number of pairings, results in the CS eliciting the UR now called the conditioned response (CR)
55
Individuals who demonstrate high career adaptability demonstrate…
a. Concern for their future work life
b. Confidence to pursue career goals
c. Curiosity for exploring career possibilities
56
Out of the following concepts, “preconscious mind”, “conscious mind”, “unconscious mind”, and “subconscious mind”, which is not a concept of Freud?
Subconscious mind
57
Freud contended that each individual possesses what types of consciousness?
a. Preconscious mind
b. Conscious mind
c. Unconscious mind
58
Who contended that individuals possess a subconscious mind?
Sigmund Freud
59
What is the preconscious mind?
in the classical psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud, the level of the psyche that contains thoughts, feelings, and impulses not presently in awareness but that can be more or less readily called into consciousness. Examples are the face of a friend, a verbal cliché, or the memory of a recent event.
60
What is the conscious mind?
in the classical psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud, the region of the psyche that contains thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and other aspects of mental life currently present in awareness. The content of the conscious is thus inherently transitory and continuously changing as the person shifts the focus of his or her attention.
61
What is the unconscious mind?
In psychoanalytic theory, the region of the psyche containing memories, emotional conflicts, wishes, and repressed impulses that are not directly accessible to awareness but that have dynamic effects on thought and behavior. Sigmund Freud sometimes used the term dynamic unconscious to distinguish this concept from that which is descriptively unconscious but “static” and with little psychological significance.
62
What is the subconscious mind?
a lay term that is widely used to denote the unconscious or preconscious mind as described by Sigmund Freud or the general idea of subliminal consciousness. It is also popularly associated with autosuggestion and hypnosis. Because of its imprecision, the term is now generally avoided by psychologists.
63
A … group is primarily remedial?
A … group is primarily remedial?
64
If a professional counselor would like to read critical test reviews of the Beck Depression Inventory, the counselor would be most interested in the publication known as…
Mental Measurements Yearbook
65
In a single-subject design, it is most important to…
Have the intervention be distinctive from what is naturally occurring for the subject
66
What is a single-subject design?
a. Single subject research (also known as single case experiments) is popular in the fields of special education and counseling.
b. This research design is useful when the researcher is attempting to change the behavior of an individual or a small group of individuals and wishes to document that change.
c. Unlike true experiments where the researcher randomly assigns participants to a control and treatment group, in single subject research the participant serves as both the control and treatment group.
d. An important factor of single subject research is that only one variable is changed at a time.
e. Single subject research designs are “weak when it comes to external validity….Studies involving single-subject designs that show a particular treatment to be effective in changing behavior must rely on replication–across individuals rather than groups–if such results are be found worthy of generalization” (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2006, p. 318).
67
Annabelle has been seeing her counselor, Adam, for a year. After she lost her girlfriend to cancer, she began to receive counseling from another mental health professional. Adam learns of Annabelle’s new counselor this week. According to the ACA’s ethical code, Adam should…
Ask the client for permission to contact the other professional to establish a collaborative relationship
68
… is associated with meaningful experiences linked to a relationship with a devine, nature, or the universe, whereas … is more ritualistic and organized.
Spirituality; religion
69
Operant conditioning is based on the belief that…
Learning depends on which behaviors are reinforced
70
According to the theory of work adjustment, tenure refers to…
How long an individual will remain with a company
71
At the core of individual psychology is the concept of…
Social interest
72
What is individual psychology?
the psychological theory of Alfred Adler, which is based on the idea that throughout life individuals strive for a sense of mastery, completeness, and belonging and are governed by a conscious drive to overcome their sense of inferiority by developing to their fullest potential, obtaining their life goals, and creating their own styles of life. This is opposed to the view that human beings are dominated by “blind,” irrational instincts operating on an unconscious level. Also called Adlerian psychology.
73
According to Kurt Lewin, Theory Z refers to a(n)
Laissez-faire leadership style
74
What is a democratic leadership style?
a. Facilitates member interactions
b. with leader guidance, members make decisions, take responsibility, set agenda, goals, and rules
c. sets norms encouraging member interaction, self disclosure, and feedback
75
What is an authoritarian leadership style?
a. Takes control of and responsibility for the group
b. Sets the agenda, goals, and rules
c. Serves as the conduit for member interaction (i.e., discussions occur through the leader)
76
What is an autocratic leadership style?
Same as an authoritarian leadership style
77
What is a laissez-faire leadership style?
a. Assumes little or no leadership or responsibility for group agenda, goals, or rules
b. Assumes members all have abilities to make changes and take responsibility for the group on their own
c. Lacks structure and directedness
78
What is Theory Z?
a managerial philosophy that emphasizes participative decision making by employees, the encouragement of team spirit, and the use of measures to develop greater respect between managers and employees.
79
Speed tests yield spuriously higher reliability coefficients is an example of what?
Reliability
80
…is a sampling technique that involves identifying convenient, existing subgroups and the randomly selecting subgroups.
Cluster sampling
81
What is systematic sampling?
a. Every nth element is chosen
b. For example, every 10th person on a national registry of school counselors would be selected
82
What is stratified random sampling?
a. A population is divided into subgroups based on important characteristics (e.g., gender, race, and marital status), and the professional counselor draws randomly from the subgroups.
b. The degree of sampling per subgroup can be reflective of actual percentages in a population or may be the same sample size per subgroup
83
What is quota sampling?
a. This method is similar to cluster and stratified, however there is no randomization
b. The professional counselor simply draws the needed number of participants with the needed characteristics (e.g., gender or race) from the convenience sample
84
John is in the midst of a divorce from Martin. They are currently civil although their relationship is tense. John is tired most days, especially after intense sessions. As a counselor who is going through a divorce, John is ethically expected to…
Stop providing counseling services if his or her emotions are likely to interfere with the ability to work and help clients
85
Barbara was in a car accident two months ago. When she first began seeing her counselor Eugene, she had difficulty sleeping, nightmares, and was scared of going to the grocery store where the accident occurred. She is not able to sleep through the night and has far fewer nightmares. When she does have nightmares, she is able to soothe herself. Being able to revert to previous levels of functioning is termed…
Resilience
86
Interpreting new information in a way that alters a person’s existing cognitive framework is called…
Accommodation
87
What is adaptation?
a. Piaget proposed that changes in cognitive structure occurred through adaptation
b. Change necessitated by new information
88
What is assimilation?
a. A type of adaptation
b. Occurs when an individual perceives and interprets new information in terms of a previously existing context
c. Adding a thought to an existing framework
89
Katherine Briggs and Isabel Myers developed the Myers-Briggs type theory, which was derived from the work of…
Carl Jung
90
Jungian counselors help clients uncover elements of their unconscious minds through
a. Spirituality
b. Dreams
c. Culture
91
Several students in Diane’s group said they were unsure how to negotiate with their family members without being aggressive. Diane asked the members to decide on a scenario, then she showed the group members the proper way to execute a specific skill behavior. This technique is called…
Modeling
92
What is validity?
It refers to how accurately an instrument measures a given construct
93
The degree to which extraneous variables may be controlled (to accurately measure the relationship between independent variables and dependent variables) refers to…
Internal validity
94
What is the difference between internal validity and external validity?
a. Internal: the degree to which a study or experiment is free from flaws in its internal structure and its results can therefore be taken to represent the true nature of the phenomenon. In other words, internal validity pertains to the soundness of results obtained within the controlled conditions of a particular study, specifically with respect to whether one can draw reasonable conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships among variables.
b. External: the extent to which the results of research or testing can be generalized beyond the sample that generated them. For example, if research has been conducted only with male participants, it cannot be assumed that similar results will apply to female participants. The more specialized the sample, the less likely will it be that the results are highly generalizable to other individuals, situations, and time periods.
95
When can client records be disposed of?
Five years after the counseling relationship has ended
96
What is overt racism and extermination and how are they similar?
a. Overt racism - more obvious and focused prejudice; it’s never unintentional or unconscious
b. Extermination - a focused effort to demolish certain groups of people (e.g., genocide)
c. Extermination is a type of overt racism
97
A family needs to buy a new car. They are having trouble between two cars because both models are incredibly appealing to all family members. What kind of conflict are they experiencing?
Approach-approach conflict
98
What is approach-avoidance conflict?
a. Occurs when a person wants something appealing but fears being punished or being negatively evaluated for obtaining it
b. E.g., asking an attractive person on a date but fearing rejection
99
What is approach-approach conflict?
a. Occur when two positive choices are presented, but only one can be chosen even though they may be equally appealing
b. E.g., a person who loves both chocolate licorice and granola bars
100
What is avoidance-avoidance conflict?
Occur when the person loses no matter which choice is made ]
101
Gottfredson proposes that…
When the compromise is severe, individuals will sacrifice interest and prestige before gender role
102
At the core of cognitive therapy is the restructuring of clients’
Automatic thoughts
103
Which of the following types of group co-leadership is often used for mentoring purposes?
Experience with inexperience
104
Sensitivity, a term used in decision accuracy, refers to…
An instrument’s ability to accurately identify the presence of a phenomenon
105
A professor concluded that the time students spent reading a research text predicted final examination scores. These results might come from what type of study?
Regression
106
What is a comparative study?
a. Investigates group differences for a particular variable
b. This simplistic design allows the researcher to say there is a difference between groups but that it does not allow a causative inference
107
What is a regression study?
Regression analysis is a way of mathematically sorting out which of those variables does indeed have an impact.
108
What is a time-series study?
a set of measures on a single attribute, variable, or construct obtained repeatedly over time.
109
A counselor is at a cocktail party and spots her colleague at the cheese display. As she walks toward Hernan, she hears him revealing confidential information about a client. The first thing this counselor should do is…
Try to resolve the issue with a colleague informally
110
What is acculturative stress?
a. Cognitive and affective consequences associated with leaving one’s own country and entering a host country.
b. Individuals with acculturative stress have to adapt to a new culture and lose some of their cultural identity in the process
111
A teacher notices that one of his students is having trouble understanding a new mathematical concept. To help the child, he provides her with additional examples, gives her hints, and uses questions to assist her in working through problems. Once it is clear that she is able to complete these problems on her own, he stops providing her with the example, hints, and questions he offered before. This technique is called…
Scaffolding
112
What is shaping?
the production of new forms of operant behavior by reinforcement of successive approximations to the behavior (see method of successive approximations). Also called approximation conditioning; behavior shaping.
113
What positive reinforcement?
a. an increase in the probability of occurrence of some activity because that activity results in the presentation of a stimulus or of some circumstance.
b. the procedure of presenting a positive reinforcer after a response. Compare negative reinforcement.
114
What is the zone of proximal development?
in Lev Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, the difference between a child’s actual level of ability and the level of ability that he or she can achieve when assisted by, or working in cooperation with, older or more experienced partners (e.g., adults or more knowledgeable peers). Vygotsky asserted that what children can do with the assistance of others is even more indicative of their developmental status than what they can do alone.
115
What is scaffolding?
in education, a teaching style that supports and facilitates the student as he or she learns a new skill or concept, with the ultimate goal of the student becoming self-reliant. Derived from Lev Vygotsky’s theories, in practice it involves teaching material just beyond the level at which the student could learn alone. Technologies (e.g., computer software) that may be used to assist in this process are known as scaffolded tools.
116
Which of the following is true regarding Super’s lifespan career theory?
The theory outlines five developmental stages and 16 substages
117
“If I don’t have a significant other or someone who is interested in dating me, it means that I’m completely unlovable and undesirable.” This is an example of what type of distorted thinking?
Dichotomous thinking
118
What is the distorted thinking type of overgeneralization?
a cognitive distortion in which an individual views a single event as an invariable rule, so that, for example, failure at accomplishing one task will predict an endless pattern of defeat in all tasks.
119
What is the distorted thinking type of magnification?
an individual will perceive a relatively minor incident as being much more important.
120
What is the distorted thinking type of dichotomous thinking?
the tendency to think in terms of polar opposites—that is, in terms of the best and worst—without accepting the possibilities that lie between these two extremes. The term has been used to characterize the tendency of people with major depressive disorder to view mildly negative events as extremely negative, but the potential role of such thinking in other conditions (e.g., eating disorders, personality disorders) is also under investigation. Also called polarized thinking.
121
What is the distorted thinking type of selective abstraction?
Selective abstraction is “the process of focusing on a detail taken out of context, ignoring other more salient features of the situation, and conceptualizing the whole experience on the basis of this element” [1].
122
What is role ambiguity?
indefinite expectations about the behaviors to be performed by individuals who occupy particular positions within a group or social setting. Role ambiguity is often caused by lack of clarity in the role itself, lack of consensus regarding the behaviors associated with the role, or the individual role taker’s uncertainty with regard to the types of behaviors expected.
123
What is role conflict?
a state of tension or distress caused by inconsistent or discordant expectations associated with one’s social or group role, as when a single role’s demands are inconsistent with each other (intrarole conflict) or when individuals occupy more than one role and the behaviors required by these roles are incompatible (interrole conflict).
124
What is role overload?
a situation resulting from the assumption of a role or of multiple roles in which one is asked to do more than one is capable of doing in a specific period of time (quantitative overload) or in which one is taxed beyond one’s knowledge, skills, and abilities (qualitative overload).
125
Out of the following choices “socioeconomic status”, “gender”, “ethnicity”, “eye color”, which is not on a nominal scale?
Socioeconomic status
126
What is a nominal scale?
a sequence of numbers that do not indicate order, magnitude, or a true zero point but rather identify items as belonging to mutually exclusive categories. For example, a nominal scale for the performance of a specific group of people on a particular test might arbitrarily use the number 1 to denote pass and the number 2 to denote fail. Since the numbers represent category labels, they cannot be manipulated mathematically or otherwise quantitatively compared. A nominal scale is one of four types of measurement scale, the others being an ordinal scale, an interval scale, and a ratio scale. See also categorical scale.
127
In a frequency distribution, the sums of the frequencies for all intervals will…the total number of scores in the sample.
Equal
128
A client meets with a counselor and during one of their sessions, reveals that her husband sometimes physically abuses her. The client says she is not ready to contact any authorities or leave her husband. In this situation, the counselor is…
Neither legally nor ethically obligated to file a report with the police
129
What stressor affects international students with greater frequency?
Language
130
What memory only retains information for 1 or 2 seconds?
Executive memory
131
What are the different types of memory? How do they differ?
a. Sensory - brief storage of information from each of the senses, in a relatively unprocessed form beyond the duration of a stimulus, for recoding into another memory (such as short-term memory) or for comprehension. For instance, sensory memory for visual stimuli, called iconic memory, holds a visual image for less than a second, whereas that for auditory stimuli, called echoic memory, retains sounds for a little longer. Also called sensory-information store (SIS); sensory register.
b. Short-term - the reproduction, recognition, or recall of a limited amount of material after a period of about 10 to 30 seconds. STM is often theorized to be separate from long-term memory, and the two are the components of the dual-store model of memory. STM is frequently tested in intelligence or neuropsychological examinations.
c. Long-term - a relatively permanent information storage system that enables one to retain, retrieve, and make use of skills and knowledge hours, weeks, or even years after they were originally learned. Various theories have been proposed to explain the biological processes by which this occurs (e.g., the perseveration–consolidation hypothesis), and a major distinction is made between LTM and short-term memory. Additionally, LTM is divided into several categories, including declarative memory and procedural memory. See also secondary memory.
132
Gelatt proposed that a career decision can be terminal or investigatory. An investigator career decision…
Calls for additional information
133
What are the primary goals of Gestalt therapy?
a. Helping clients identify and attend to their most pressing needs
b. Helping clients make appropriate contact and withdrawal from their environments
c. Helping clients resolve their unfinished business
134
What resource is commonly used by leaders to teach members about appropriate self-disclosure?
Johari window
135
What is the standard error of measurement?
It is the standard deviation of an individual's repeated test scores when administered the same instrument multiple times.
136
What is the central goal of ethnography?
To describe holistically a culture or cultural group
137
Out of the following “world war 1”, industrial revolution”, “social reform movements”, “all of the above” which did not lead to the development of vocational guidelines
World War 1
138
What are the three phases of trauma counseling?
a. Remembering and mourning
b. Establishing a safe environment
c. Reconnection with ordinary life
139
Drew is 6 years old and does not know many words even though his brother who is a year older than him knows many. When he wants to be given soda, he merely takes the bottle and shakes it in front of an adult. His sentences are short and are not always clear to the adults around him. Drew may have…
An expressive language disorder
140
In narrative career counseling, the narrator of the client’s story is referred to as the…
Agent
141
Humanistic-existential counselors do not do what…
Analyze client dreams
142
Humanistic-existential counselors do…
a. Avoid interpreting or analyzing clients’ motives or behavior
b. Focus on the present rather than the past
c. Believe that clients should direct counseling sessions
143
What is appropriate to interpret in a group member during group time?
a. Resistance
b. Sarcasm
c. Monopolization
144
What is calculated by dividing the number of correct test items by the total number of test items?
Percentage score
145
What is percentile rank and how is it calculated?
a. A percentile rank indicates how well a student performed in comparison to the students in the specific norm group, for example, in the same grade and subject.
b. the location of a score in a distribution expressed as the percentage of cases in the data set with scores equal to or below the score in question. Thus, if a score is said to be in the 90th percentile, this means that 90% of the scores in the distribution are equal to or lower than that score
146
What is a raw score and how is it calculated?
a participant’s score on a test before it is converted to other units or another form or subjected to quantitative or qualitative analysis. For example, a score may be transformed into a percentage (e.g., 45 correct answers out of 50 = 90%) or into a standardized metric such as a z score (mean of 0; standard deviation of 1) or a T score (mean of 50; standard deviation of 10). Also called unstandardized score.
147
What is a standard score and how is it calculated?
In statistics, the standard score is the number of standard deviations by which the value of a raw score (i.e., an observed value or data point) is above or below the mean value of what is being observed or measured
148
What is the assessment of the ongoing progress of a program referred to as?
Process evaluation
149
Under FERPA what is true about directory information?
a. It includes students’ honors and awards
b. Schools are required to send an annual notice to parents and students regarding directory information
c. Schools can release directory information without student or parent consent
150
Under FERPA what is not true about directory information?
It includes students’ grades and test scores
151
Characteristics such as facial expression, posture, characteristics of movement, gestures, and eye contact are…
Kinesics
152
What are kinesics?
the study of the part played by body movements, such as hand gestures, eye movements, and so on, in communicating meaning.
153
What is paralanguage?
the vocal but nonverbal elements of communication by speech
154
What are chronemics?
the study of the use of time in nonverbal communication.
155
What are proxemics?
the study of interpersonal spatial behavior. Proxemics is concerned with territoriality, interpersonal distance, spatial arrangements, crowding, and other aspects of the physical environment that affect behavior
156
What is projection?
a. the process by which one attributes one’s own individual positive or negative characteristics, affects, and impulses to another person or group.
b. This is often a defense mechanism in which unpleasant or unacceptable impulses, stressors, ideas, affects, or responsibilities are attributed to others
157
What is reaction formation?
a. unacceptable or threatening unconscious impulses are denied and are replaced in consciousness with their opposite.
b. For example, to conceal an unconscious prejudice, an individual may preach tolerance
158
What is displacement?
a. the transfer of feelings or behavior from their original object to another person or thing.
b. In psychoanalytic theory, displacement is considered to be a defense mechanism in which the individual discharges tensions associated with, for example, hostility and fear by taking them out on a less threatening target.
159
What is rationalization?
an ego defense in which apparently logical reasons are given to justify unacceptable behavior that is motivated by unconscious instinctual impulses. In psychoanalytic theory, such behavior is considered to be a defense mechanism.
160
Which career assessment does not use Holland’s six personality types?
Campbell Interest and Skills inventory
161
What is the Campbell Interest and Skill Inventory?
a. Purpose is to measure self-reported vocational interests and skills
b. Intended population: individuals 15 or older
c. Test format: 320 total items on a 6-point scale (strongly like to strongly dislike)
162
Which career assessments use Holland's six personality types?
a. Vocational preference inventory
b. Self-directed search
c. Strong interest inventory
163
What is the vocational preference inventory?
a. Purpose: assess an individual's personality orientation and career interests; based on Holland’s hexagonal model
b. Intended population: high school, college, adults
164
What is self-directed search?
a. Purpose: Based on Holland’s hexagon model and primarily measures career interests but also includes self-estimates of abilities and competencies
b. Intended populations: high school, college, adults
165
What is the strong interest inventory?
a. Purpose: measures self-reported interests
b. Intended population: persons 16 years of age and older
166
…do not have any desire to change and are unwilling to admit that a problem exists.
Visitors
167
An example of … research is examining the relationship between number of play therapy sessions and children’s behavioral problems.
Quantitative
168
Does “impairment of major life activity” apply to IDEA?
No
169
What terms apply to IDEA?
a. Least restrictive environment
b. Free appropriate public education
c. Individualized education plan
170
According to the Hardiman’s white racial identity development model, the … stage is characterized by a conscious belief in the democratic ideal that everyone has an opportunity to succeed.
Acceptance
171
What is not a true statement of self-actualization?
Self-actualization can be achieved even if lower level needs have not been met
172
What is true of self-actualization?
a. Self-actualization usually occurs during middle adulthood, if at all
b. Self-actualization can only be achieved when all of the lower needs on Maslow’s hierarchy have been met
c. Some people never become self-actualized
173
Which career inventory assesses the psychological barriers that adults may face during a career transition, as well as the resources individuals possess to make a successful transition?
Career transitions inventory
174
A skeleton key in solution-focused brief counseling is…
A technique that can be used to help all clients, no matter what their presenting problem
175
Janelle and Miguel are considering forming a batterer’s intervention group for me. Janesse may instead decide to run a survivor’s group on her own. If she decides to co-lead the group with Miguel, the group size…
Can be increased by over 50%
176
Deviation IQ scores have…
A mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15
177
An agency counselor interviews adolescents about their knowledge of safer sex practices, then administers a survey packet to them several weeks later. The interviews plus the survey take about 45 minutes. The adolescents receive ten dollars and a two-way bus ticket as their incentive. This is an example of…research?
Sequential exploratory research
178
In some states, minors who have reached a specific age can agree to receive certain services (e.g., counseling) without parental consent. What are these laws called?
Minor consent laws
179
What does internal locus of control refer to?
People’s ability to shape their own future
180
Children who have disorganized attachments to their caregivers would display which of the following kinds of behavior?
They would not display much expression on separation from caregivers and would seem puzzled on their return
181
What are different types of attachment styles
a. Secure
b. Preoccupied
c. Dismissive
d. Fearful
182
What factors influence occupational projections?
a. Technology
b. Economics
c. Population
183
A counselor asks a family member to physically arrange his or her family members in the room to help better understand family dynamics. What is this technique called?
Family sculpting
184
It is most important that pre-group interviews involve…
The presentation of an informed consent agreement
185
Which of the following is a characteristic of Raymond Cattell’s term crystallized intelligence?
Intelligence that is gained through learning and affected by life experience.
186
A(n)...hypothesis is designed to consider extraneous or additional independent variables.
Alternative
187
What is a null hypothesis?
a statement that a study will find no meaningful differences between the groups or conditions under investigation, such that there is no relationship among the variables of interest and that any variation in observed data is the result of chance or random processes.
188
What type of counselor helps clients with disabilities live more independently and find employment?
Rehabilitation counselors
189
“I never felt Chinese. I was always surrounded by my mother’s family from Puerto Rico, often traveling there, and speaking Spanish with my friends at school. The only Chinese people we knew were the delivery men.” This statement most clearly reflects the…stage in Poston’s (1990) model of biracial identity development.
Personal identity
190
What are the stages of Poston’s (1990) model of biracial identity development?
a. personal identity
b. choice of group categorization (monoracial identity)
c. enmeshment and denial
d. appreciation of multiple identity and
exploration of heritages
e. integration and valuing of multicultural identity
191
Morality is judged by a person’s intentions in the…stage of Piaget’s theory of moral development.
Moral relativism
192
What stages are involved in Piaget’s theory of moral development?
a. Premoral
b. Moral realism
c. Moral relativism
d. Mechanism of Development - maturation and experience
193
The…is published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and provides occupational information on 270 broad occupations that are grouped into 11 different career clusters.
Occupational outlook handbook
194
A well functioning family develops, first and foremost, from what strong subsystem?
Spousal subsystem
195
Member resistance is an example of…
Process dynamics
196
The…is the most well-known intelligence test, whereas the…is the most widely used intelligence test.
Stanford-binet; wechsler scale
197
As a counselor-researcher, you find a significant relationship between socioeconomic status and a particular mental health disorder. You can conclude that…
Socioeconomic status and the mental health disorder may be associated
198
Mental health practitioners from diverse specializations differ primarily in…
the types of treatment they are trained to use
199
What is not typically experienced during the coming-out process?
The individual’s relationships with friends are not seriously affected
200
What is typically experienced during the coming-out process?
a. The individual feels an overwhelming sense of isolation
b. The individual has feelings of anger, rejection, and grief
c. The individual, who is emotionally and financially dependent on family, has less access to appropriate role models in the LGBT community.
201
When Shawn’s mother asked him “where are you, baby? What are you doing?” Shawn grabbed a pair of socks from the laundry hamper and said “sock!” As this was Shawn’s first words. What is likely his age?
Between 7 and 12 months
202
During the beginning phase of career counseling, the counselor…
Establishes the therapeutic alliance
203
In a family counseling session, the counselor notices that the father sits between his two children while the mother sits off to the side. A common theme that emerges during the session is that the father allows the children to override the mother in making many important family decisions. To begin establishing a more appropriate hierarchy, the counselor asks the father to sit by his wife. What is this technique called?
Unbalancing
204
High levels of group cohesion can result in the following…
a. Increased attendance
b. Increased self-disclosure
c. Increased effectiveness of the group
205
The Myers-Briggs type indicator is based on…
Carl Jung’s psychological types
206
If participants’ scores are approximately equally distributed across a set of test score values, the data distribution is likely…
Platykurtic
207
What is a mesokurtic distribution?
a. describing a frequency distribution that is neither flatter nor more peaked than the normal distribution.
b. That is, a mesokurtic arrangement of values follows a bell-shaped curve, with the majority of scores clustered around a value at the midpoint and a few extreme scores tapering off on either side
208
What is a leptokurtic distribution?
describing a frequency distribution that is more peaked than the normal distribution, having more scores in the center and fewer at the two extremes.
209
Professional associations do not…
License counselors
210
What do professional associations do?
a. Provide professional development opportunities
b. Publish journals
c. Engage in advocacy
211
European Americans likely possess what type of time orientation?
Future
212
What is future time orientation?
Future time orientation, for instance, is conceptualized through a degree to which the anticipated future is integrated into the present situation, often reflected in future planning and perception of future needs and goals.
213
Children who have…parents are often rebellious and low achievers.
Authoritarian
214
What is authoritative parenting?
parent or caregiver encourages a child’s autonomy yet still places certain limitations on behavior
215
What is authoritarian parenting?
parent or caregiver stresses obedience, deemphasizes collaboration and dialogue, and employs strong forms of punishment;
216
What is permissive parenting?
parent or caregiver is accepting and affirmative, makes few demands, and avoids exercising control
217
The majority of career interventions used in the U.S. are driven by…
Affluence
218
Arnold Lazarus is responsible for the development of…
Multimodal therapy
219
What is multimodal therapy?
a. a form of psychotherapy in which the therapist assesses the client’s significant Behaviors, Affective responses, Sensations, Imagery, Cognitions, Interpersonal relationships, and the need for Drugs and other biological interventions.
b. The first letters yield the acronym BASIC ID, which summarizes the seven basic interactive modalities of the approach.
c. MMT posits that these modalities exist in a state of reciprocal transaction and flux, connected by complex chains of behavior and other psychophysiological processes.
d. The therapist, usually in concert with the client, determines which specific problems across the BASIC ID are most salient.
e. MMT uses an eclectic approach drawing mainly from a broad-based social and cognitive learning theory.
f. Also called multimodal behavior therapy.
g. [developed by South African-born U.S. psychologist Arnold Allan Lazarus (1932–2013)]
220
…conflict can lead to growth within groups.
Moderate
221
What are the risk factors of suicide?
a. Previous suicide attempt
b. History of depression and other mental illnesses
c. Serious illness such as chronic pain
d. Criminal/legal problems
e. Job/financial problems or loss
f. Impulsive or aggressive tendencies
g. Substance misuse
h. Current or prior history of adverse
i. Sense of hopelessness
j. Violence victimization and/or perpetration
222
What are not statistical assumptions in inferential statistics?
An independent variable is normally distributed
223
What are statistical assumptions in inferential statistics?
a. A dependent variable is normally distributed
b. A ratio scale of measurement is used
c. An interval scale of measurement is used
224
What is a ratio scale?
a. a measurement scale having a true zero (i.e., zero on the scale indicates an absence of the measured attribute) and a constant ratio of values.
b. Thus, on a ratio scale an increase from 3 to 4 (for example) is the same as an increase from 7 to 8. The existence of a true zero point is what distinguishes a ratio scale from an interval scale.
225
What is an interval scale?
a. a scale marked in equal intervals so that the difference between any two consecutive values on the scale is equivalent regardless of the two values selected.
b. Interval scales lack a true, meaningful zero point, which is what distinguishes them from ratio scales.
c. For example, Fahrenheit temperature uses an interval scale: The difference between 50 °F and 49 °F is the same as the difference between 40 °F and 39 °F, but a temperature of 0 °F does not indicate that there is no temperature.
226
The ACA ethical code encourages counselors to develop their counseling plans with…
Their patients
227
A(n)...is typically an objective third party in conflict resolution.
Arbitrator
228
According to transactional analysis, the…ego state is characterized by logical thought and an unemotional approach to making decisions.
Adult
229
What is not not true about outcome evaluation?
Outcome evaluation is synonymous with formative evaluation
230
What is true about outcome evaluation?
a. Outcome evaluation can demonstrate accountability
b. The results of outcome evaluation should be used to improve a program
c. Outcome evaluation is conducted to help determine whether to retain a program
231
Out of the following, “the test”, “the examiner”, “the global systems that affect the examinee”, and “optical scanners”, bias in assessment can result from all the following except…
Optical scanners
232
Which component of trustworthiness generally refers to the believability of qualitative research findings?
Credibility
