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ENI2 > Practicals > Flashcards

Practicals Flashcards

Histopath, anatomy, clinical exam, case examples

1
Q

What is a key feature of endocrine cells?

A

Large cytoplasms to allow for the production of the hormones

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2
Q

Describe the histopathological appearance of the adenohypophysis, the neurohypophysis and the pars intermedia relative to each other

A
  • Neurohypophysis is paler than the other two portions of the pituitary gland
  • Pars intermedia is blue
  • Adenohypophysis is dark purple
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3
Q

What is the typical trend in hormone production as a neoplasm grows?

A

The more malignant a neoplasm gets, the less of the hormone is usually found - more focus on multiplying than producing hormone

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4
Q

Describe the appearance of chromophobes in the pituitary gland

A

Appear grey

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5
Q

Give an example of chromophobic cells

A

Melanotropes, produce MSH

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6
Q

What is secreted by acidophils/eosinophils and describe their appearance

A
  • Secrete growth hormones

- Pink

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7
Q

Give examples of basophils, what they produce, and describe their appearance

A
  • Somatotropes: GH
  • Gonadotropes: FSH, LH
  • Lactotropes: PRL
  • Thyrotropes: TSH
  • Corticotropes: ACTH
  • Blue appearance
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8
Q

What is a potential consequence of a growing pituitary tumour regarding the rest of the brain?

A
  • May grow upwards and destroy brain tissue above it
  • INcrease in intracranial pressure
  • May get destruction of thalamus, hypothalamus and ventricular system, leading to other conditions such as neurogenic diabetes insipidus
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9
Q

Describe the appearance of the adrenal glands and thyroid glands in the case of a pituitary tumour leading to adrenocortical hypofunction?

A
  • Both will be atrophied

- In adrenal gland will clearly see brown medulla and white cortex (white due to fat and cholesterol)

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10
Q

Describe the appearance of the adrenal glands in the case of a functional pituitary adenoma

A

Massive laminar hypertrophy and hyperplasia in adrenal glands

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11
Q

Compare the appearance of the endocrine and neuroedocrine cells of the adrenal gland

A
  • Endocrine cells: adrenal cortex, eosinophilic, close pattern
  • Neuroendocrine cells: more basophilic, paler, nuclear pattern more open
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12
Q

What is produced by the neuroendocrine portion of the adrenal gland?

A

Catecholamines

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13
Q

What features may be seen in an adrenocortical carcinoma?

A
  • Difficult to identify cells as normal adrenal cortical cells
  • Tumour cell emboli in the vasculature
  • Nuclear, cellular and cytoplasmic pleomorphism visible
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14
Q

What histopathological features may be seen in a pheochromocytoma?

A
  • Neoplastic chromaffin cells haphazardly arranged in poorly demarcated lobules of varied sizes
  • Moderate variation in cellular and nuclear size and shape
  • If malignant, will be dark red brown, if cortical will be white
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15
Q

Describe the appearance of normal, hyperactive and underactive follicular cells of the thyroid gland

A
  • Normal: cuboidal
  • Overactive: elongated
  • Underactive: flattened
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16
Q

Describe the appearance of the thyroid follicles in over and underactive thyroid glands

A
  • Over: collapsed follicles, lumens of remaining contain pale pink colloid and have numerous endocytic vacuoles at the epithelial cell-follicular lumen interface
  • Under: follicular lumens distended with dense colloid
17
Q

Explain the prognosis for a malignant endocrine tumour

A
  • Poor

- Endocrine glands have close association with blood vessels, so metastases develop quickly

18
Q

Describe the normal appearance of cells in the pancreatic islets

A

Pale cytoplasm

19
Q

Describe the appearance of islet amyloid

A
  • Pink, dense islets
  • Irregular shape
  • Amorphous pink material in cells = amylin
20
Q

Explain how islet amyloid deposition occurs

A
  • Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAAP, amylin) is normal secretory product of beta-cells
  • Over production of abnormal amylin (beta-pleated sheet conformation abnormal) by beta cells leads to deposition in cells as it cannot be broken down, cells degenerate = loss of function of cells
21
Q

what is the function of islet amyloid polypeptide

A
  • Regulatory peptide
  • Functions locally in islets by inhibiting insulin and glucagon secretion
  • And also at distant targets
22
Q

Describe the sympathetic supply for the adrenal medulla (nerve, origin, pre-/post-ganglionic)

A
  • Mainy greater splanchnic nerves
  • These originate from sympathetic trunk
  • Are pre-ganglionic, adrenal cells act as the post-ganglionic cells
23
Q

Compare the histological appearance of adrenal glands and lymph nodes

A
  • In medulla of lymph nodes, will find germinal follicles due to immune responses
  • These will not be found in the adrenals
24
Q

Describe the pattern of venous drainage of the pancreas

A
  • Body and neck drain into splenic vein
  • Head drains into the superior mesenteric and portal veins into the liver
  • Some branches communicate with the superior mesenteric vein directly, creating loop of venous drainage utilising both sets of venous plexi
25
Q

Name the structures that sit in the following locations relative to the pituitary gland:

  • Rostrally
  • Caudally
  • Ventrally
  • Laterally
  • Dorsal
A
  • Rostrally: optic chiasma
  • Caudally: mammillary bodies
  • Ventrally: sphenoid bone
  • Laterally: cavernous sinus
  • Dorsal: hypothalamus
26
Q

Describe the embryological origin of the pituitary gland

A
  • Adeno: upgrwoth of roof of developing mouth, called Rathke’s pouch, ectoderm
  • Neuro: down-growth from ectoderm of forebrain (diencephalon/future hypothalamus)
27
Q

What is produced by the epiphysis? What is it’s function?

A

Melatonin, function is circadian rhythm, and control of seasonal breeding

28
Q

What brain region does the epiphysis belong to?

A

The telencephalon

29
Q

In which animals, are the right and left thyroid glands connected by a functional isthmus?

A

Pigs, humans, cattle

30
Q

What anatomical factors should be taken into consideration when performing a thyroidectomy?

A
  • May be some ectopic tissue so may not remove all thyroid cells
  • 3rd parathyroid located near/next to or on thyroid gland but should be left in place
  • Care re. surrounding musculature, blood vessels, trachea, oesophagus
  • 4th parathyroids usually within the thyroid gland so will be removed in a thyroidectomy
31
Q

What aspects need to be addressed in every general examination of a horse?

A
  • Assess horse in natural environment where possible, assess gait, breathing, demeanour etc.
  • Assess environment pasture (presence of plants, stocking density, fencing, faeces), individual and other stables
  • Other horses
  • Physical examination, incl. BCS
32
Q

Describe the general physical examination of the head and neck a horse

A
  • Contours of head and neck
  • Normal position and carriage
  • MMs, drooling, dropping feed
  • Nasal discharge, assess character of any discharge, airflow from nostrils
  • Percuss maxillary and frontal sinus area
  • Assess eyes for symmetry and free of discharge, characterise discharge, erythema, cloudiness, swelling, blepharospasm etc. Palpebral response, menace response
  • Facial artery
  • Ears - symmetry
  • Palpation of LNs
  • Neck from both sides, jugular vein
33
Q

Describe the general physical examination of the thorax of a horse

A
  • Auscultate heart, assess rate, rhythm, murmurs
  • Auscultate lung fields, check for adventitious sounds
  • Check for evidence of pectoral oedema
34
Q

Describe the general physical examination of the abdomen of a horse

A
  • Auscultate for abdominal borborygmi in 4 quadrants
  • Evaluate distension in paralumbar fossa if applicable
  • Check for oedema, commonly in sheath area or at most dependent portion of the abdomen
35
Q

Describe the general physical examination of the perineum and genital region of a horse

A
  • Check the rectal temperature, simultaneously check anal tone
  • Check for evidence of diarrhoea
  • F: Examine vulva and udder for swelling discharge, heat or pain on palpation
  • M: examine prepuce, sheath, testes for swelling, discharge, heat, pain on palpation
  • Check normal tail carriage and movement
36
Q

Describe the general physical examination of the limbs of a horse

A
  • Assess symmetry, even weight bearing on all feet, heat, pain, lameness, raised digital pulses or swelling
  • Lift feet and examine
37
Q

Describe the general physical examination of the skin of a horse

A
  • Examine for hair loss, scabs, papules, nodules , seborrhea
  • Evidence of ectoparasites
  • Scratching/rubbing, abnormal swelling, abnormal sweating

ENI2 (10 decks)

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