Practicals Flashcards
What component is in the middle of a third class lever?
Effort
Is a 2nd class lever a force multiplier or a distance multiplier?
Force Multiplier
Is a 3rd class lever a force multiplier or a distance multiplier?
Distance Multiplier
What is Wolffs Law?
Bones grow and adapt based on the force applied to them by muscles over time
pg 26 label the synovial joint
What is the role of articular cartilage
Reduce friction
What is the role of articular capsule
Houses joint
Produces stability
Reduces unwanted movement
What is the role of synovial fluid
Lubricates joint
Shock absorbing properties
What is the role of synovial membrane
Secretes synovial fluid
What is the role of the glenoid labrum
Shock absorber
Add more depth
Acts as a suction cup for the humerus
What is the normal strength balance ratio between internal and external rotators?
3:2
What is scapulohumeral rhythm
2 degrees of glenohumeral abduction requires 1 degree of scapula elevation
Shoulder Flexion ROM
150-180 degrees
Shoulder Hyperextension ROM
50 degrees
Shoulder Lateral Rotation ROM
90 degrees
Shoulder Medial Rotation ROM
70 degrees
What are the 3 ligaments in the elbow complex?
Annular Ligament, Radiocolateral Ligament, Ulnarcollateral Ligament
What is valgus?
Limbs moving away from the body’s midline
What is Varus?
Limbs moving towards the body’s midline
What is the normal angulation of the elbow?
10-15 degrees valgus
What is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic ligaments of the wrist
Extrinsic - Start outside the joint
Intrinsic - Start inside the joint
What is the role of the triangular fibrocartilage complex?
Stabilise the ulnar side of the wrist
Shock absorption
What nerve is involved in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?
Median nerve
What muscles are responsible for changing the shape of the and and maintaining arches
Intrinsic
What is prehension?
Grasping
Find out more about precision vs power grips
What are the 4 types of precision handling grips
Tip Pinch
Lateral (key) Pinch
Pulp Pinch
Palmar Pinch
What is the role of the Acetabulum Labrum?
Shock absorption
What is the role of the transverse ligament?
Hip abduction/adduction
What is the role of the Ligamentum Teres?
Stability
What is the retinaculum and what is its role at the wrist
Transverse Ligament
Protects transverse carpal arch
What 2 angles are part of the acetabulum?
Centre Edge Angle (35 degrees)
Acetabular Anteversion Angle (20 degrees)
What 2 angles are part of the femur?
Angle of Inclination (125 degrees)
Torsion Angle (15 degrees)
What does Coxa Valga in the head of the femur and what angle is it
> 140 degrees. Reduces shear force
Angle of Coxa Vara
<125 degrees
Hip Flexion ROM
100-135 degrees
Hip Hyperextension ROM
10-30 degrees
What plane does the largest movement occur in the tibiofemoral joint
Sagittal
Knee Flexion ROM
155 degrees
Knee Hyperextension ROM
3 degrees
What is laxity in the knee?
Knee is flexed between 30-40 degrees and is prone to injury when in contact with an opposing force
What happens to the tibia during extension?
It rotates laterally
What are the 3 functions of the patella
3rd class lever
Anterior protection
Shock absorption
What are possible causes of abnormal patella tracking
Meniscus damage
Inflammation of joint
Muscle imbalance
What bones are in the rear foot?
Calcaneus
Talus
What bones are in the mid foot?
Nevicular
Cuboid
Coniform
What bones are in the fore foot?
Metatarsals 1-5
What is the Windlass mechanism?
Tighening of the plantar fascia during doors flexion causing the medial longitudinal arch to increase
How can the Windlass mechanism be prevented?
Wearing shoes
What movement actions occur at the Talocrural joint?
Plantar/Dorsi flexion
What movement actions occur at the Subtalar joint?
Eversion/Inversion
What movement actions occur at the Midtarsal joint?
Eversion/Inversion
What happens during pronation?
Eversion, Dorsiflexion, Abduction
What happens during supination?
Inversion, Plantarflexion, Adduction
Knee to wall test ROM
10-12cm
Which ligament bears the greatest strain during Hyperextension of the spine?
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
Which ligament bears the greatest strain during Flexion of the spine?
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Interspinous Ligament
Supraspinous Ligament
Which ligament bears the greatest strain during Lateral Flexion of the spine?
Intertransverse Ligament
Which ligament bears the greatest strain during Rotation of the spine?
Ligamentum Flavum
Intercapsular Ligament
What are the primary movements of OC-C1?
Flexion/Extension, Lateral Flexion
What are the primary movements of C1-C2?
Flexion/Extension, Rotation
What are the primary movements of C2-C7?
Flexion/Extension, Lateral Flexion, Rotation
What are the primary movements of T1-T12?
Lateral Flexion, Rotation, some Flexion/Extension
What are the primary movements of L1-L5?
Flexion-Extension, Lateral Flexion
What is thoracic kyphosis?
Thoracic spine sticks out posteriorly (Hunchback)
> 45 degrees
What is Lumbar Lordosis?
Lumbar spine sticks out anteriorly, causing butt to be pushed out posteriorly
> 40 degrees
What muscle plays a major role in influencing postural sway?
Iliopsoas
What are the 5 components of a reflex arc?
Receptor
Sensory neuron
Integration centre
Motor neuron
Effector
Where does the brachial plexus arise from?
C5-L1
Where does the lumbar plexus arise from?
L1-L4
Which major muscle does the lumbar plexus lie?
Psoas Major
Where does the sacral plexus arise from?
L4-S4
What measurements are used for a mesomorphs rating?
Height
Humerus width
Femur width
Bicep girth
Tricep skinfold
Calf girth
Calf skinfold
