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Functional Anatomy > Lectures 6-11 > Flashcards

Lectures 6-11 Flashcards

1
Q

Tendon/Ligament Composition

A

Tenocytes (fibroblasts in ligaments) (20%)
Extracellular Matrix (80%)

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2
Q

What is the Extracellular Matrix made of in tendons/ligaments

A

Elastin (2%)
Proteoglycan (2%)
Collagen (33%)
Water (55-75%)

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3
Q

Why is crimp important in tendons?

A

Allows for the straightening during tensile loading

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4
Q

What is the ratio of elastin to collagen in a ligament?
What ligament doesn’t have this ratio?

A

2:1
Ligamentum Flavum

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5
Q

What are the 3 differences between ligaments and tendons?

A
  1. Collagen fibres are not parallel
  2. The outer connective tissue layer is called an epiligament
  3. Multidirectional tensile force
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6
Q

What force are ligaments and tendons strongest in?

A

Tension

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7
Q

What are two viscoelasticity tests?

A

Stress relaxation test
Creep deformation test

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8
Q

What causes tensile strength and stiffness to decline?

A

Collagen plateau

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9
Q

What do steroid do to ligaments and tendons

A

Negatively impact them due to inhibition of collagen synthesis

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10
Q

Is a sprain a ligament or tendon injury?

A

Ligament injury

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11
Q

Is a strain a ligament or tendon injury?

A

Tendon Injury

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12
Q

What is a grade I ligament/tendon injury?

A

Micro failure to collagen fibres
some pain, no joint instability

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13
Q

What is a grade II ligament/tendon injury?

A

Partial rupture
Severe pain and some joint instability

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14
Q

What is a grade III ligament/tendon injury?

A

Total rupture has occurred
Severe pain and joint completely unstable

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15
Q

What is the percentage of vascularisation of tendons and ligaments

A

1-2%

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16
Q

Normal ROM of hip flexion

A

120 degrees

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17
Q

Normal ROM of hip abduction

A

120 degrees

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18
Q

Normal ROM of hip internal/external rotation

A

20 degrees

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19
Q

Why does ROM decrease with age?

A

Changes in motor control
Loss of motor unit
Decreases in fast twitch muscle fibres

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20
Q

What is the centre edge angle (angle of Wiberg)?

A

35 degrees

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21
Q

What is the acetabular anteversion angle?

A

20 degrees

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22
Q

What is the angle of inclination?

A

125 degrees

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23
Q

What is the torsion angle?

A

15 degrees

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24
Q

What affects the mobility and stability of the hip?

A

Coverage of Acetabulum (angle of Wiberg and Acetabular Anteversion angle)

Alignment of Femur (Torsion angle and angle of inclination

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25
Q

What bone externally rotates in the screw home mechanism to add stability in full knee extension?

A

Tibia

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26
Q

In walking gait, what are the two phases? Define them

A

Stance (65%) - Heel Strike to Toe Off
Swing (35%) - Toe Off to Heel Strike

27
Q

In walking gait, what are the 8 actions

A
  1. Heel strike
  2. Foot flat
  3. Heel rise
  4. Push-off
  5. Toe-off
  6. Acceleration
  7. Toe Clearance
  8. Deceleration
28
Q

What is the difference between stride and step length?

A

Stride length is the length from when an event occurs on one side, to when it reoccurs on the same side (right heel strike –> right strike off)

Step length is the length from when an event occurs on one side to when it reoccurs on the opposite side (right strike off –> left strike off)

29
Q

What is the role of the subtalar job during gait?

A

Shock absorbs

30
Q

What are the phases in running gait?

A

Stance (40%)
Float (15%)
Swing (30%)
Float (15%)

31
Q

Movements during pronation of the foot (e.g plantar flexion, abduction, inversion)

A

Dorsiflexion, Abduction, Eversion

32
Q

Movements during supination of the foot (e.g plantar flexion, abduction, inversion)

A

Plantarflexion, Adduction, Inversion

33
Q

What happens to the Plantar Fascia when toes are hyperextended

A

It shortens causing the arch of foot to rise

34
Q

Distribution of loads under the foot during stance

A

Heel (60%)
Midfoot (8%)
Forefoot (28%)
Toes (4%)

35
Q

Role of Nucleus Pulposus

A

Provides the intervertebral disc elasticity and compressibility

36
Q

How does the Nucleus Pulposus get nutrients?

A

Diffusion (no direct blood supply)

37
Q

What covers the Annulus Fibrosus?

A

Fibrocartilage

38
Q

Under compression, how much pressure can the Nucleus Pulposus and Annulus Fibrosus withstand?

A

Nucleus Pulposus - 1.5 times external load
Annulus Fibrosus - 0.5 times external load

39
Q

Compare male and female motions of the spine

A

Males: more ROM in flexion/extension
Females: more ROM in lateral flexion

40
Q

Where is the line of gravity in the body while standing

A

passes anteriorly to the centre of the fourth lumbar vertebrae

41
Q

How does the body maintain balance?

A

The line of gravity through the body creates a forward bending moment in the spine. The body then maintains balance by increasing core and spinal muscle activity

42
Q

What is sway?

A

Horizontal movement of the COG

43
Q

What is the sacral angle of the pelvis?

A

30 degrees

44
Q

How do you minimise pressure on the spine while sitting?

A

Lumbar support and leaning back

45
Q

What motions increase the load on the spine?

A

Bending forward or sitting

46
Q

If two objects are the same weight but vary in size, which one will create a greater load on the spine?

A

bigger size = greater load

47
Q

What type of fibre are found in motor neurons

A

Muscle Fibres

48
Q

What type of fibre are found in sensory neurons

A

Skin Fibres
Muscle Fibres
Tendon Fibres
Joint Fibres

49
Q

What type of neuron is commonly found in the posterior root of the nerve

A

Sensory

50
Q

What type of neuron is commonly found in the anterior root of the nerve

A

Motor

51
Q

What are peripheral nerves made up of?

A

Nerves
Connective Tissue
Blood Vessels

52
Q

What is the role of the myelin sheath in nerves

A

Increases the speed of conduction
Insulates and maintain the axon

53
Q

What is the Epineurium

A

Protects fascicles from external trauma
Maintains oxygen supply

54
Q

What is the Perineurium

A

Sheath surrounds each fascicle
Great mechanical strength
Specific biochemical barrier

55
Q

What is the Endoneurium

A

Protects nerve fibres
Composed of fibroblasts and collagen

56
Q

Are peripheral nerves vascularised

A

Yes

57
Q

In what direction do blood vessels run across the perineurium

A

Obliquely

58
Q

What is the order of the layers of connective tissue (outside to inside)

A
  1. Epineurium
  2. Perineurium
  3. Endoneurium
59
Q

Where does the spinal cord end in adults?

A

L1

60
Q

What vertebrae and areas of the body are affected by Brachial Plexus Palsy

A

C5-C6
Shoulders, Bicep, Brachioradialis

61
Q

What is Sciatica?

A

A nerve compression injury
Degenerative disk puts pressure on the piriformis, causing pain in the back of the leg

62
Q

What is Endomorphy

A

Lean <———-> Fat

63
Q

What is Mesomorphy

A

Slender <———–> Muscular

64
Q

What is Ectomorphy

A

Heavy <———–> Light

Functional Anatomy (3 decks)

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