practical skills Flashcards
how do we make a solution
- weigh the sample bottle containing the required mass of solid on a 2 dp balance
- transfer to a breaker and reweigh sample bottle
- record the difference mass
- add 100cm3 of distilled water to the beaker. Use a glass rod to stir to help dissolve the solid
- pour the solution into a 250cm3 graduated flask via a funnel
- rinse beaker and add washings from the beaker and glass rod to the volumetric flask
- makeup to the mark with distilled water using a dropping pipette for the last few drops
- invert flask several times to ensure uniform solution
what do we do to the solution if it does not dissolve in cold water
the beaker and its contents could be heated gently until all the solid had dissolved
how do we dilute s solution
- pipette 25cm3 of original solution into a 250cm3 volumetric flask
- make up to the mark with distilled water using a dropping pipette for the last drops
- invert flask several times to ensure uniform solution
why is using a volumetric pipette more accurate
using a volumetric pipette is more accurate than a measuring cylinder because it has a smaller uncertainty
use a teat pipette to make up to the mark in volumetric flak to ensure volume of solution accurately measured and one doesn’t go over the line
how do we calculate dilutions
diluting a solution will not change the amount of solute present but increase the volume of solution and hence the concentration will be lower
moles =volume x concentration
if the amount of moles does not change then
the original volume x original concentration = new diluted volume x new diluted concentration
the new diluted volume will be equal to the original volume of solution + the volume of water
what are the safety and hazards of making dilutions
irritant - dilute acid alkalis - wear goggles
corrosive - stronger acids and alkalis wear goggles
flammable - keep away from naked flames
toxic - wear gloved - avoid skin contact - wash hands after use
oxidising - keep away from flammable/ easily oxidised materials
when do we use gas syringes
gas syringes can be used for a variety of experiments where the volume of a gas is measured, possibly to work out moles of gas or to follow reaction rates
what does the volume of gas in gas syringes depend on
the volume of a gas depends on pressure and temperature, so when recording volume it is important to note down the temperature and pressure of the room
- the moles of the gas can then be calculated from gas volume
what are the potential errors using a gas syringe
- gas escape before bung inserted
- syringe sticks
- some gases like carbon dioxide are soluble in water so the true amount of gas is not measured
how do we carry out titrations
rinse equipment (burrette with acid,pipette with alkali, conical flask with distilled)
pipette 25cm3 of alkali into a conical flask
touch surface of alkali with a pipette ( to ensure the correct amount is added)
adds acid solution from the burette
make sure the jet space in the burette is filled with acid
add a few drops of indicator and refer to a colour change at the endpoint
use a white tile underneath the flask to help observe the colour change
add acid to alkali whilst swirling the mixture and add acid dropwise at endpoint
note burette reading before and after addition of acid
repeat titration until at least 2 concordant results are obtained - two reading within 0.1 each other
repats titration until at least 2 concordant results are obtained two - readings within 0.1 of each other
how do we work out average titre results
we only make an average of the concordant titre results
if 2 or 3 values are 0.10cm3 and therefore concordant or close then we can say results are accurate and repeatable and the titration techniques is good/consistent
how do we record results
results should be clearly recorded in a table
results should be recorded in full ( i.e. both initial and final readings)
record titre volumes to 2.d.p (0.05 cm3)
what are the safety precautions we must take when carrying out a titration
Acids and alkalis are corrosive ( at low concentrations acids are irritants)
Wear eye protection and gloves
If spilled immediately wash affected parts after spillage
If the substance is unknown treat it as potentially toxic and wears gloves
what happens when the jet space is not filled
is the jet space not filled properly prior to commencing the titration it will lead to errors if it then fills during the titration, leading to a larger than expected titre reading
why do we use a conical flask
it is used in preference to a beaker because it is easier to swirl the mixture in a conical flask without spilling its contents
why must we add more than a few drops of indicator
indicators are generally weak acids so only add a few drops of them
If too much is added it will affect the titration results