Practical Prep Flashcards
Name: Olfactory Nerve
Number: I
Type (sensory/motor): Sensory
Function(s): Conveys information about smell to the brain from the nasal mucosa
Location (For CN I-VI and XI only): by the olfactory bulbs
Name: Optic
Number: II
Type (sensory/motor): Sensory
Function(s): Relays visual information to the contralateral side of the brain
Location (For CN I-VI and XI only): tip ends of the optic chiasm (at least on the model)
Name: Oculomotor
Number: III
Type (sensory/motor): Motor
Function(s): Eye movement and pupil constriction; moves eye in most directions
Location (For CN I-VI and XI only): just below the pituitary
Name: Trochlear
Number: IV
Type (sensory/motor): Motor
Function(s): Eye movement, external rotation, elevation
Location (For CN I-VI and XI only): either side, just above/the side of the pons
Name the nerves I-XII
I. Olfactory
II. Optic
III. Oculomotor
IV. Trochlear
V. Trigeminal
VI. Abbducens
VII. Facial
VIII. Vestibulococholear
IX. Glossopharyngeal
X. Vagus
XI. Spinal Accessory
XII. Hyoglossal
What main things do you need to know about the cranial nerves?
Name
Number
Type (sensory/motor)
Function(s)
Location (For CN I-VI and XI only)
- Name: Trigeminal Nerve
- Number: V
- Type (sensory/motor): Sensory and Motor
- Function(s): Sensation to the face, muscles involves chewing
- Location (For CN I-VI and XI only): just below the Trochlear nerve next to the pons
- Name: Abducens Nerve
- Number: VI
- Type (sensory/motor): Motor
- Function(s): Lateral Eye movement
- Location (For CN I-VI and XI only): medial to the Trigeminal Nerve
- Name: Facial nerve
- Number: VII
- Type (sensory/motor): Sensory and Motor
- Function(s): Control the muscles of the face, provides sensory information to anterior ⅔ of tongue
- Location (For CN I-VI and XI only) - not important here, but lateral to the abducens
- Name: Vestibulocochlear nerve
- Number: VIII
- Type (sensory/motor): Sensory
- Function(s): 2 Main functions: 1) Provide auditory information(hearing); 2) Balance and movement
- Location (For CN I-VI and XI only)
Name: Glossopharyngeal
Number: IX
Type (sensory/motor): Sensory & Motor
Function(s): Taste from the posterior ⅓ of tongue, muscles involved in swallowing, salivation
Location (For CN I-VI and XI only): n/a
Name: Vagus
Number: X
Type (sensory/motor): Sensory & Motor
Function(s): “wandering nerve”; controls muscles of the throat and voice box, regulates functioning and provides sensory information for the viscera; regulates heart rate, function of intestines
Location (For CN I-VI and XI only): n/a
Name: Spinal Accessory
Number: XI
Type (sensory/motor): Motor
Function(s): Innervates muscles that control movement of the head and shoulder
Location (For CN I-VI and XI only): below the midbrain; very last end of the nerves, looks like a little loose fiber
Name: Hypoglossal
Number: XII
Type (sensory/motor): Motor
Function(s): control movements of the tongue
Location (For CN I-VI and XI only): n/a
Superior oblique muscle
trochlear (IV) motor
External rectus muscle
Abducent (VI) motor
All eye muscles except those supplied byb IV and VI
Oculomotor (III) motor
sensory: Face, sinuses, teeth, etc
Trigeminal (V) sensory
motor: muscles of mastication
Trigeminal (V) motor
nose
Olfactory (I)
Muscles of the face
Facial(VII) motor
Muscles of the tongue
Hypoglossal (XII) motor
Submaxilary and sublingual gland
Intermediate motor
Anterior part of tongue and soft palate
Intermediate sensory
Inner ear
Vestibulocochlear (VIII) sensory
Pharyngeal musculature
Glossopharyngeal (IX) motor
Posterior part of tongue; tonsil, pharynx
Glossopharyngeal (IX) sensory
heart, lungs, bronchi, gastrointestinal tract
Vagus (X) motor
Heart, lungs, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, gastrointestinal tract, external ear
Vagus (X) sensory
Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
Accessory (XI) motor
What is the difference between white and grey matter?
Grey matter: cell bodies, unmyelinated axons
white matter: mainly myelinated axons
The 3 main divisions of the brain are
fore-brain, mid-brain, hindbrain
What is the difference between afferent and efferent?
Afferent: accepted into the CNS (bringing in sensory information)
Efferent: Exiting the CNS (so bringing OUT motor information)
What does the pituitary gland
releases hormones related to homeostasis, regulated by the hypothalamus
optic chiasm
region where some optic nerves cross to the opposite/contralateral side of the brain where it is processed
Superior colliculi
process simple aspect of visual stimuli
Inferior colliculi
process simple aspects of auditory stimuli
Cerebral peduncles
motor system, fibers from cortex that project to spinal cord and brainstem areas; relay info from the body to the brain and vice versa, part of the tegmentum
Cerebellum
motor function critical for precision, accuracy, and coordination; coordinates with vestibular system, critical for motor functioning
Pons
“bridge”; relays sensory info from cerebellum to cerebrum; sleep-wake cycles; dreams?
Medulla
controls autonomic function (heart rate, blood pressure, breathing)
Olfactory bulbs
perception of odors; receive input from olfactory (smell) receptors in the nasal mucosa
A ________ is a bump in the cortex; a ______ is a wrinkle or groove in the cortex.
gyrus; sulcus
The ______ cortex is located in the frontal lobe and is involved with planning, decision making, personality, impulse control, and emotion.
prefrontal
The primary auditory cortex is located in the ______ lobe and is associated with sound perception and spoken word.
temporal
The ________ cortex is located in the occipital lobe and is associated with input from complex aspects of sight.
primary visual
The left and right hemispheres are divided by the _______.
medial longitudinal fissure
A. sagittal (this specific slide is a midsagittal cut)
B. horizontal
C. Coronal/transverse/frontal
Towards the nose is
rostral/anterior
Toward the tail end is
caudal/posterior
Towards the back (in humans) or towards the top of the head is
dorsal
Towards the chest/stomach (in humans) or towards the bottom of the head is
ventral
Towards the midline (or medial longitudinal fissure) is
medial
Away from the midline/moving towards the sides is
lateral
Towards the top of the brain, above structure is
superior
Towards the bottom of the brain, below another structure is
inferior
Same side
ipsilateral
opposite side
contralateral
Layers of the 3 membrane layers that protect the brain and spinal cord?
The meninges (dura, arachnoid, pia)
Name and describe the 3 meninges
- Dura: “hard mother” the outermost protective layer
- Arachnoid: spongy, spider-like web of tissue; the middle layer
- subarachnoid space: between the arachnoid and pia mater, contains cerebrospinal fluid and arteries
- Pia: “soft mother” the delicate innermost membrane
- flows over the brain contours
- Difficult to separate from brain tissue
Where is the…
- telencephalon
- diencephalon
- mesencephalon
- metencephalon
- myelencephalon
- forebrain
- forebrain
- midbbrain
- hindbrain (cerebellum)
- hindbrain (stem)
What does the telencephalon cover?
Cerebral cortex & hemispheres
Structure
Olfactory bulbs
Optic chiasm
Pituitary gland
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
butt = superior colliculus
seat = inferior colliculus
pons
cerebellum
medulla
Medulla
controls autonomic functions like breathing and blood pressure (mostly white matter fiber tracts carrying information to and from other brain regions)
