Practical Final Flashcards
Label the yellow, white, and pink pins.
Yellow Pin: Pineal body
Pink Pin: Pons
White Pin: Optic Chiasm/Nerve
Label the Red, Blue, and Green pins.
Red: Sclera
Blue: Cornea
Green: Nicitating Membrane
Label the yellow pins.
Fornix
Label the white, blue, and pink pins.
White: Arbor vitae
Blue: Superior Colliculi
Pink: Lateral ventricles
Label the green and blue pins.
Green: Thalamus
Blue: Hypothalamus
Label the yellow, red, and white pins.
Yellow: Corona Radiata
Red: Cingulate Gyrus
White: Corpus Callosum
(from station 11)
Label the pink, yellow, and blue pins.
Pink: 3rd Ventricle
Yellow: Cerebral Aqueduct
Blue: Medulla
Label the green and yellow pins.
Green: Inferior Colliculi
Yellow: Thalamus
Label the red and green pins.
Red: Iris
Green: Lens
(Station 9)
Label the yellow and white pins.
Yellow: Tapetum lucidum
White: Choroid
(Station 10)
Label the pink and green pins.
Pink: Corpus Callosum
Green: 4th Ventricle
Label the red and green pins.
Red: Hypothalamus
Green: Cingulate Gyrus
(Station 4)
Label the red and white pins.
Which cut is this?
Red: Lateral ventricles
White: 3rd Ventricle
Cut: 2nd or 3rd
Label the green pin.
Green: Pineal Gland
Station 15
Label the green and blue pins.
Green: Thalamus
Blue: Hippocampus
(Station 15)
Label the red and green pins.
Which cut?
Red: Caudate Nucleus
Green: Putamen
Cut: 1st or 2nd
Towards the nose is
rostral/anterior
Towards the tail end is
caudal/posterior
Towards the back (in humans) or towards the top of the head is
dorsal
Towards the chest/stomach (in humans) or towards the bottom of the head is
ventral
Towards the midline (or medial longitudinal fissure) is
medial
Away from the midline/moving towards the sides is
lateral
Towards the top of the brain, above another structure is
superior
Towards the bottom of the brain, below another structure is
inferior
Label the 3 planes
A. Horizontal
B. Coronal/Transverse/Frontal
C. Saggital(midsaggital in middle)
What are the three layers of the meninges and what is different about each?
Dura: outer hard layer, protective layer
Arachnoid: Spongy middle layer
Pia: soft, delicate, follows brain’s contours, innermost layer
What is the difference between grey and white matter?
Grey matter: unmyelinated neural tissue/axons
White matter: myelinated neural tissue/axons
What are the lobes of the brain?
Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, Occipital
Function of the frontal lobe
Motor functions, higher-order cog processes, speech production (Broca’s area), planning, inhibition, personality, emotion
Function of Parietal Lobe
Somatic sensation, orientation, the “where” pathway (spatial orientation)
Function of Temporal Lobe
Learning, memory, hearing, speech comprehension (Wernicke’s area), complex aspects of sight
Functions of Occipital Lobe
Visual processing
Bump in the cortex
gyrus
Wrinkle or groove in the cortex
sulcus
Located in the frontal lobe and associated with planning, decision making, personality, impulse control, and emotion
Pre-frontal cortex
The primary auditory cortex is located in which lobe?
temporal
The primary auditory cortex is associated with
sound perception and spoken word
_____ Located in the occipital lobe and is associated with input from complex aspects of sight
Primary visual cortex
What separates the left and right hemispheres of the brain?
The medial longitudinal fissure
The three major divisions of the brain are
Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
Function of the pituitary gland
Releases hormones related to homeostasis, regulated by hypothalamus
Function of the superior colliculi
processes simple aspects of visual stimuli
Function of the inferior colliculi
process simple aspects of auditory stimuli
Function of cerebral peduncles
motor system fibers from cortex that project to spinal cord and brain stem areas; relay information from the body to the brain and vice versa, part of the tegmentum
Function of cerebellum
Motor function critical for precision, accuracy, and coordination, coordinates with vestibular system, critical for motor functioning
Function of the pons
“Bridge” relays sensory info from the cerebellum to the cerebrum; sleep-wake cycles; dreams?
Function of medulla
Controls autonomic function (heart rate, blood pressure, breathing)
Function of Olfactory Bulbs
Perception of odors, receive input from olfactory (smell) receptors in the nasal mucosa
Different between afferent and efferent nerves?
Afferent: into the brain (accepted into CNS - bringing in sensory information)
Efferent: away from the brain(Exiting the CNS - ringing out motor information)
Acronym for 12 neurons?
SSMMBMBSBBMM
Function of Olfactory bulb
sensory; sensation of smell
Optic Nerve
2
Sensory
- relays visual information to the contralateral side of the brain
Oculomotor Nerve
III
Motor
- Eye movement, and pupil constriction. Moves the eye in the most directions
Trochlear Nerve
IV
Motor
- Controls external rotation and elevation of eye movement
Trigeminal Nerve
V
Both
Sensation to the face, muscles in chewing
Abducens Nerve
VI
Motor
- Side to side eye movements (lateral)
Facial Nerve
VII
Both
- Control the muscles of the face, provides sensory information to anterior 2/3 tongue
Vestibulocochlear Nerve
VIII
Sensory
- Hearing (auditory information) and sense of balance
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
IX
Both
- Taste from the posterior 1/3 tongue, muscles involved in swallowing and salivation
Vagus Nerve
X
Both
- “Wandering nerve”, control muscles of throat and voice box, regulates functioning and provides sensory information for the viscera; Regulates heart rate, function of intestines
Spinal Accessory Nerve
XI
Motor
- Neck and head movements (turning)
Hypoglossal Nerve
XII
Motor
- Controls muscles of the tongue
What is the sclera?
White protective covering of the eyeball (except cornea); extension of dura
What is the optic nerve?
Carries visual information to the brain
What is the nicitating membrane?
Third eyelid of other animals and sheep; controlled by the abducens nerve
What is the conjunctiva?
Delicate membrane that starts at the junction of the sclera and the cornea; lines inside of the eyelid and provides lubrication
What is the cornea?
Area of the eye anterior to the iris, transparent protective covering
What is the iris?
Colored part of the eye; surrounds the pupil
What is the pupil?
Hole in the iris that is controlled by muscles; it widens and narrows to allow the needed amount of light into the eye; controlled by the oculomotor nerve; failure to constrict to light indicates a concussion
What is the lens?
Refracts light to focus images near of far on the retina
What are the ciliary bodies?
Controls the suspensory ligaments which adjust the shape of the lens; epithelium cells secrete aqueous humor
What is the aqueous humor?
Liquid fluid found the int he anterior chamber of the eye that is secreted and remove as waste
What is the vitreous body/humor?
Gel-like substance that gives support and shape to the eyeball
What is the retina?
Neural tissue containing photo-receptive cells located on the inner surface of the posterior part of the eye
What is the macula?
The portion of the retina with the highest ability to resolve visual detail (also the site of macular degeneration)
What is the fovea?
Center of the macula that mediates fine detail and color(most acute vision)
What is the blind spot?
Location/exit point from where the retina of the fibers of the ganglion cells that form the optic nerve. Blood vessels also exit the eye here. There are no photo-receptors which explains the “blind spot”
What is the choroid?
Black substance on the back of the eyeball and behind the retina. It absorbs any stray light, vascular layer
What is the tapetum lucidum?
Blue-green iridescent membrane on the back of the sheep eye; reflective structure that acts like a mirror (“gives cat laser eyes” is not the primary function) such that it reflects light back through the retina, allowing for better night vision
The corpus callosum is a _____ matter structure and is an example of a _____. It interconnects corresponding regions on each side of the brain. Cutting the corpus callosum has been used to control ______.
- white
- commissure
- seizures/epilepsy
The septum pellucidum separates the ________ from each other
Lateral ventricles; it forms a covering over the “hole” that is surrounded by the corpus callosum in a midsaggittal cut.
What is the fornix?
Band of white matter by which the hippocampus of each hemisphere connects to the hippocampus of the opposite hemisphere (remember the fornix “forks down”)
What are the arbor vitae?
Latin for “tree of life”. White nerve tissue of the cerebellum that brings sensory and motor info to and from the cerebellum.
The _____ is a gray matter structure located directly above the corpus callosum and can be divided into two areas. What do they do?
cingulate gyrus;
Anterior: conflict control/processing; executive functioning (working memory, reasoning, task flexibility, problem solving)
Posterior: Modulating emotion responses (linked to emotional salience; activated by emotional stimuli; mediates interactions between emotion and memory
What is the thalamus?
Processes and relays sensory information selectively to various parts of the cerebral cortex; regulates states of sleep and wakefulness and involved with consciousness; major role in regulating arousal, level of awareness, and activity. Damage to the thalamus can lead to permanent coma.
What is the hypothalamus?
Controls autonomic and endocrine (hormone) system; the 4 F’s: hunger, thirst, body temp, sleep, sex; Connected to pituitary gland which in turn acts on several glands and organs
What is the pineal body?
Responsible for the secretion of melatonin, a hormone which induces sleep
What is the cerebellum responsible for?
Critical for motor movement, specifically movements that require aim, timing, accuracy, and precision. Coordinates with vestibular system for balance.
The pons contains both ___ and ____ and relays sensory information from the ______ to the ______.
gray & white;
spinal cord
thalamus
Name 4 components of ventricular system
- Lateral
- Third.
- 4th
- Cerebral Aqueduct
What is the function of the hippocampus?
Located int he medial temporal love. Its primary functions includ EPISODIC MEMORY (times, places, contextual who, what, when, where, and why knowledge as well as detecting novel events, stimuli and places as well as spatial memory (liek navigating amaze).
HIPPOCAMPUS = EPISODIC AND SPATIAL MEMORY
The basal ganglia are composed of what? And together, what major roles do these three structures play?
1) caudate nuclues, globus pallidus, putamen
2) Movement is the biggest function; habit learning (procedural memory); emotion, cognition
The ____ is one of the main input regions for the basal ganglia and is responsible for learning, memory, and movement It is located medially compared to the two other basal ganglia structures.
caudate nucleus
The _____ is connected to the caudate nucleus and is involved with ___________
Substantia nigra
-Movement, reinforcement learning, implicit learning. Located more laterally compared to the caudate nucleus.
Together the ____ and _____ are often known as the striatum
Caudate nucleus and putamen
THe _____is known as the “pale globe” and is involed with the regulation of ______. It tends to have ____ action that balances out input from other brain regions. It may also serve as a ______ for irrelevant stimuli.
globus pallidus
Movement
inhibitory
filter
What is the corona radiata?
White matter structure that “radiates” in the neocortex. It carries nearly all neural traffic to and from the cerebral cortex and continues ventrally as the internal capsule
What is the internal capsule?
White matter structure that surrounds the subcortical structures. Connects the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) with the thalamus and runs between the caudate and putamen at some points
