Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neurology and Special Senses > Practical Opthalmology > Flashcards

Practical Opthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

How is distance vision tested?

A

Snellen chart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is a snellen chart used?

A

Pt stand 6m away from chart and read smallest line they can

Vision less than 6/6 - repeat with pinhole to eliminate refractive errors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does the scoring of a snellen chart work?

A 
Numerator = 6 - 6m away (or 20 for 20ft)
Denominator = smallest line they can read (60, 36, 24, 18, 12, 9, 6 as go down chart)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do you do if a patient can’t read the largest letter?

A

Count how many fingers
See if they can see a hand moving
Check for perception of light

If none - classified as no perception of light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is near vision tested?

A

Near reading chart

Smallest = N5
Largest = N48
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is colour vision tested? How is it scored?

A

Ishihara plates

Numerical score based on no. of correct responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the first thing you check when testing a patients eyes using an ophthalmoscope?

A

Red reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When is a red reflex abnormal?

A

Asymmetry
Dark spots
Absent reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do you test for gross visual defects?

A

Confrontation testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the perimeter testing of visual fields?

A

It is the machine testing that gives in-depth details of visual fields

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the parts to the perimeter test of visual fields?

A

Grey scale
Total deviation
Pattern deviation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does grey scale perimeter show you?

A

Generalised picture

Done with other plots and not alone for diagnosis!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does total deviation perimeter show you?

A

Which parts of patients visual field that are different to age matched norm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does pattern deviation perimeter show you?

A

Localised visual field defects by removing generalised defects such as those caused by cataract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens in the cover test?

A

Focus on object in front and one eye occluded for several seconds

Observe for movement of uncovered eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does a cover test show?

A

If eye move out - esotropia
If eye move in - exotropia

(shows misalignment of eyes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens in the alternate cover test?

A

Focus on object in front

Occluder rapidly switched from one eye to other

18
Q

What does an alternate cover test show?

A

Eye move out - latent esophoria

Eye move in - latent exophoria

19
Q

What is the difference between esophoria and esotropia?

A

Esophoria - small turning-in of eye

Esotropia - large turning-in of eye

20
Q

What nerves are involved in the corneal reflex?

A

Afferent - ophthalmic branch of trigeminal

Efferent - facial nerve

21
Q

How do you test the corneal reflex?

A

Approach eye from side (out of line of vision)
Lightly touch thing strand of cotton on cornea

Watch for direct and consensual reflex of blinking and watering

22
Q

What does the swinging flash light test look for?

A

Relative afferent pupillary defect

23
Q

How is the swinging light test conducted?

A

Patient look at distant target in dimly lit room

Light moved as fast as possible between 2 eyes (2s per eye)

24
Q

What is a normal swinging light reflex?

A

When beam swung from eye to eye, bilateral pupil constriction shouldn’t change

Pupils hold constriction

25
Q

What swinging light reflex is seen in patients with a relative afferent pupillary defect?

A

When light shone on abnormal pupil, both pupils appear to dilate as their degree of constriction reduces

Known as a Marcus Gunn pupil

26
Q

If a patient has an efferent pupillary defect, what is seen on a swinging light test?

A

Affected eye constriction poor

Consensual pupillary reflex unaffected

27
Q

What do you look for on fundoscopy?

A 
Optic disk
Optic cup
Fovea
Macula
Retinal arteries and veins
28
Q

What are the uses of mydriatic drops?

A

Dilate pupil for visualisation of the retina
Paralyse accommodation in management of children with amblyopia
Refraction of children for prescription of glasses

29
Q

What side effects are associated with mydriatic drops?

A

Whitening of the eyelids - vasoconstriction (resolve as drops wear off)
Atropine cause redness of face and warm sensation
Sting eyes for few seconds after instillation
Can’t drive - blurring until wear off

30
Q

What must you inform patients of in consenting for mydriatic drops?

A

What procedure involve
Can’t drive
Effects - dilation and stinging
Check allergies and CI

31
Q

How are mydriatic drops applied?

A

Pt look up and pull inferior eyelid down
Apply one drop from vertical position
Allow pt to blink
Wipe away excess

32
Q

What must you document following the use of mydriatic drops?

A

Type of drop
Which eye
How many drops
Time of instillation

33
Q

What are the types of mydriatic drops?

A

Atropine
Cyclopentolate
Tropicamide
Phenylephirine

34
Q

What are the mechanisms by which mydriatic drops work?

A

Parasympatholytics - atropine, cyclopentolate, tropicamide

Sympathetic agonist - phenyephirine

35
Q

What are the contraindications for atropine? How long does the effect last?

A

Hypertension
Untreated narrow angle glaucoma

1-2 weeks effect

36
Q

What are the contraindications for cyclopentolate or tropicamide? How long does their effect last?

A

Untreated narrow angle glaucoma
Allergy

Cyclopentolate 25-75 min effect, recovery over 6-24hrs
Tropicamide 15-20 min effect, recovery 4-8hrs

37
Q

What are the contraindications of phenylephrine? How long does its effect last?

A

Untreated narrow angle glaucoma
Avoid in children

3-6 hours effect

38
Q

What are fluorescein drops used for?

A

Highlight defects in the cornea

Measuring intraocular pressure with tonometry

39
Q

What adverse drug reactions are associated with fluoroscein drops?

A

Skin discolouration - 6-12 hrs

40
Q

What should you warn patients of when giving fluoroscein drops?

A

Don’t put contacts in for an hour as they could be stained permanently

41
Q

What is fluorescein angiography used for?

A

Look at vascular supply of retina and choroid

42
Q

How is fluoroscein angiography carried out?

A

IV injection of fluoroscein which delineate retinal vessels

Photographic record made including leakage from retinal vessels over 15 mins

Neurology and Special Senses (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions