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Physics Y3 > Practical Notes > Flashcards

Practical Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Do you know how to set up apparatus correctly by following written instructions or diagrams?

A

If yes, good.
If no, look at your notes again.

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2
Q

Do you know how to use common laboratory apparatus and techniques to collect data and to make observations?

A

If yes, good.
If no, look at your notes again.

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3
Q

Do you know how to describe and explain how apparatus and techniques are use correctly?

A

If yes, good.
If no, look at your notes again.

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4
Q

Do you know how to make and record accurate observations with good details and measurements to an appropriate degree of precision?

A

If yes, good.
If no, look at your notes again.

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5
Q

Do you know how to make appropriate decisions about measurements or observations?

A

If yes, good.
If no, look at your notes again.

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6
Q

Do you know how to present all information in an appropriate form?

A

If yes, good.
If no, look at your notes again.

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7
Q

Do you know how to manipulate measurements effectively for analysis?

A

If yes, good.
If no, look at your notes again.

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8
Q

Do you know how to present all quantitative data to an appropriate number of decimal places/significant figures?

How about combined calculations? How do you present it?

A

Check if your understanding is correct if your response is yes.

Addition and subtraction of measurements should be corrected to the lowest d.p.

Suppose you are adding the follow measurements
12.34cm (2d.p.)
3.2cm (1d.p.)

Step 1 = 12.34 + 3.2
= 15.54 cm
Round off to 15.5cm ( round to the lowest decimal place of the two measurements)

These applies to the same for the rounding of significant figures when multiplying or dividing measurements.

Combined calculations
In a single calculation involving addition/subtraction and multiplication/division, perform the calculation according to the order of operations:
- determine the number of decimal places to be used for the value(s) obtained from the addition/subtraction operation(s).
- determine the number of significant figures to be used for the value(s) obtained from multiplication/division operation(s).
- using this information, perform the final operation and determine the number of decimal places/significant figures to be used in the value(s) obtained.

Example 1:1
(14.92 - 13.7)/ 14.991 = 1.2/ 14.991 =0.08 0.080 (2s.f.)

Example 2:
(0.7761 x 22.1)/(49.89 - 49.01) =17.2/0.88 =20

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9
Q

Do you know how to analyse and interpret data or observations appropriately in relation to the task?

A

By using the graph plotted, the relationship between two key variables described as follows:
- Directly proportional: A straight line is plotted which MUST pass through (0,0)
- Linearly related - a straight line is plotted which DOES NOT pass through (0,0)
- Non-linearly related: a curve is plotted which MUST

Example:
Question: Plot a graph of T square against the mass. Comment on the relationship between T square and mass.

Answer: T square is linearly related to the mass.

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10
Q

Do you know how to draw conclusion(s) from the interpretation of experimental data or observations and underlying principles?

A

If yes, good.
If no, look at your notes again.

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11
Q

Do you know how to make predictions based on their data and conclusions?

A

If yes, good.
If no, look at your notes again.

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12
Q

Do you know how to identify significant sources of errors and explain how they affect the results?

A

If yes, good.
If no, look at your notes again.

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13
Q

If the question states find the average reading of something, how many minimum readings should you have?

A

2

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14
Q

Do you know how to state and explain how significant errors may be overcome or reduced, as appropriate, including how experimental procedures may be improved?

A

If yes, good.
If no, look at your notes again.

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15
Q

All readings must be recorded to the right degree of _________ according to the ____________ used (usually ____________)

A

All readings must be recorded to the right degree of precision according to the apparatus used (usually half the smallest division)

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16
Q

Is this an accurate recording using a half metre rule or metre rule or measuring tape?

12.0 cm, 12.1 cm

A

Yes.

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17
Q

You are expected to tabulate the ______ that you obtained in the expe______.

A

You are expected to tabulate the results that you obtained in the experiment.

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18
Q

In the table of readings, you should include headings to indicate the ____________ that are being ______ and the _______ they are ______ in. They re separated by a _______.

A

In the table of readings, you should include headings to indicate the quantities that they are being measured and the units they are measured in. They are separated by a /

E.g. L/cm or t/s where t is the quantity measured and s is the unit

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19
Q

If the table that you are tabulating based on your results obtained from your experiment contains quantities that are calculated from certain measured values, the units should be ________ accordingly.

Provide an example given than a previous quantity you obtained is in t/s but you need to find out t square/ s square as well.

A

The word for the blank is derived.

T square / s square is a derived unit frm t/s as the unit for ‘t’ is ‘s’ so unit for ‘t square’ is ‘s aquare’

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20
Q

Since the units are already written at the _________ of the table, the readings recorded in the table ________ be written with units.

_________ should not be shown in the table as well. Only the calculated value is to be written in the table.

A

Since the units are already written at the heading of the table, the readings recorded in the table must not be written with units.

Workings should not be shown in the table as well. Only the calculated value is to be written in the table.

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21
Q

To plot a straight line graph, at least _________ should be obtained.

A

To plot a straight line graph, at least 6 readings should be obtained.

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22
Q

To plot a curve, at least ________ must be obtained.

A

To plot a curve, at least 8 readings must be obtained.

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23
Q

If the number of readings to be taken is specified in the question, ____________.

A

FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS

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24
Q

The range of the readings taken should be _____________. If the range is specified in the question, it should be ____________.

A

The range of the readings taken should be as wide as possible. If the range is specified in the question, it should be followed closely.

For e.g.
The tables below show two possible range of readings chosen for quantity x that lies between 0cm and 100.0cm

The below table is good

X/cm. M/g
15.0
30.0
45.0
60.0
75.0
90.0

The below table is bad
X/cm. M/g
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0

Table 1 is preferred because its range of 75.0cm (90.0-15.0) is larger than the range of 25.0cm (40.0-15.0) in table 2.

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25
What are the things you should take note when taking down the data on a table and then plotting a graph?
The things that you should take note when taking down the data on a table and then plotting a graph is to firstly understand what type of graph you are plotting. If you are plotting a curve, you need at least 8 readings. If you are plotting a straight line graph, at least 6 readings should be obtained. If the number of readings to be taken is specified in the question, follow the instructions, - the range of the readings taken should be as wide as possible unless specified by the question - the readings should be taken at uniform interval where possible.
26
Fractions, square roots, ratios and symbols _____________ as answers.
Fractions, square roots, ratios and symbols must be avoided as answers.
27
3/4 or 3:4 are ___________ expressions. ___________ is the ___________ expression.
3/4 or 3:4 are unacceptable expressions. 0.750 is the acceptable expression.
28
If the ****final**** answer to your calculation turns out to be a nice fraction, such as 1/2 or 1/100, you will still have to write it as a _______________.
Decimal-point number
29
If the final answer to your calculation is e.g. exactly square root of 2, you will have to written down 1.41, to ______________.
3 s.f.
30
If you are required to plot a graph of A against B, that means _____ is plotted on the ____ axis and ____ is plotted on the ____ axis unless ______________.
If you are required to plot a graph of A against B, that means A is plotted on the y-axis and B is plotted on the x-axis unless otherwise stated.
31
A suitable scale should be chosen for both axes so that the graph occupies __________________________.
A suitable scale should be chosen for both axes so that the graph occupies at least half of the space on the graph paper.
32
Remember to choose some ______ scales to prevent having _________ when reading from such scales. A large proportion of marks will be lost when such a scale is used.
Remember to choose some convenient scales to prevent having problem when reading from such scales. A large proportion of marks will be lost when such a scale is used. For e.g. some convenient scales you can choose are: 2cm rep 1 unit 2cm rep 2 units etc DO NOT use scales like 2cm rep 3 units 2cm rep 7 units 2cm rep 11 units etc
33
You are _________ to start the graph from the origin (0,0) unless the question requires you to do so.
You are not required to start the graph from the origin (0,0) unless the question requires you to do so.
34
The x and y scales ____________ to start from the same number and __________ the same scale.
The x and y scales do not need to start from the same number and do not need to have the same scale.
35
The use of the _____________ to represent a compressed scale is not allowed.
The use of the zig zag symbol to represent a compressed scale is not allowed.
36
Each axis should be clearly labelled with the ________ that is plotted on it. The _________ for the quantity should also be stated. i.e. __________. Provide some examples.
Each axis should be clearly labelled with the quantity that is plotted on it. The unit for the quantity should also be stated i.e. quantity/unit E.g. mass/g Current/A DO NOT label like this: mass (g), L (cm) etc
37
What are the things you should and should not do when plotting the points and drawing the line or curve?
Points should be plotted accurately with a sharp pencil. Neat little crosses (size of about one small square) should be used DO NOT use ink or dots for plotting. The line or curve drawn should be sharp and thin. It should be continuous with no break in-between. DO NOT shade the line or curve. DO NOT use ink to draw the line or curve. DO NOT join the points with a thick line.
38
The points used are obtained experimentally so do not expect them to lie in a ____________ or ___________.
The points used are obtained experimentally so do not expect them to lie in a perfect straight line or smooth curve.
39
You should draw the _______ through the plotted points. Ensure that the _______________________. DO NOT _________________
You should draw the best fit line through the plotted points. Ensure that the number of points on each side of the line is roughly the same. DO NOT simply join the first line and last point together, ignoring all the other points in between.
40
How can you determine the gradient of the graph?
Follow the steps below to determine the gradient of the graph. 1. Select 2 points on the graph that are at least half the size of the graph apart. These 2 points should not be plotted points. 2. Label the coordinates of the two points. (Read off the precision of the coordinates to half the smallest square on the graph) 3. Draw a triangle with dotted line using the 2 points. 4. Substitute the coordinates into the formula (y2 - y1)/ (x2 -x1) to calculate the gradient. The calculation of the gradient follow sf/dp rule. Do remember to include the unit to the answer.
41
How should you read off from the graph?
If you are required to read off values from the graph, always use dotted lines to show how the reading is obtained. The values should also be indicated on the axis.
42
How should you determine the y-intercept from the straight line graph and the x intercept?
To determine the y-intercept from the straight line graph, ensure that the x-axis of the graph starts from zero. This is because the y-intercept is the value of y when x equals to zero. Similarly, if the x-intercept is required, always start from the y-axis from zero. If it is not possible to read-off the intercept directly from the graph, it may not be calculated by using the straight-line equation, y= mx + c (Provided question did not state ‘From the graph, find the y-intercept)
43
For practical test always ensure that your answer has ______________________________.
For practical test always ensure that your answer has units and follows the required s.f. Or d.p. Rule
44
When do you use the d.p. Rule?
- When adding or subtracting formula - When averaging use d.p. Rule (averaging reduce random error) - any measurement of an instrument you need to follow its precision
45
When do you use the s.f. Rule?
When multiplying or subtracting. Take note if you are dividing a number by a number (both numbers are not constant), you round it off to the smallest s.f. (Of the two numbers). However, if you are dividing a number by a constant, you round it off to the s.f. Of the number that is not the constant. This applies the same for multiplying.
46
How do you record your measurement from a digital stopwatch?
Record whatever is shown on the digital stopwatch. Take that as the reference of the number of d.p. You should have Usually 2d.p.
47
What are the marking points for the drawing of graphs?
Area—> vertical axis against horizontal axis. Every dark Iine on the graph (obvious boxes) needs to be labelled at the axis. —> axis title must be labelled with units for e.g. m/g Scale Points (remember to plot 6 points for a straight line if the question says “of the graph” it means it must be straight line.) ( remember to plot 8 points for a curve if the question says “gradient at a point) Line
48
What is considered 'not half the size of the graph'?
The gradient triangle used to calculate the gradient should cover at least half the size of the graph to ensure accurate calculations and minimize errors.
49
Why should the gradient triangle cover at least half the size of the graph?
A small triangle can amplify errors in reading the graph, while a large triangle averages out these errors.
50
Can data points be used to calculate the gradient?
No, you should use the line of best fit instead of data points to calculate the gradient.
51
Why should the line of best fit be used instead of data points?
Data points may not lie exactly on the line of best fit due to experimental errors, making the line of best fit a more accurate representation.
52
What is the exception for using data points to calculate the gradient?
If all data points lie perfectly on a straight line, you can use them to calculate the gradient, but this is uncommon.
53
What if the data points form a straight line?
You can use the data points to calculate the gradient, but it's best practice to use the line of best fit.
54
What are anomaly points?
Anomaly points are data points that do not fit the trend of the rest of the data, usually caused by experimental errors.
55
How can you identify anomalies?
Look for points that are far from the line of best fit and compare them to the expected trend.
56
What should you do with anomalies?
Clearly circle or label the anomaly on the graph and mention it in your analysis.
57
What are the rules for the line of best fit?
The line should pass close to all data points (excluding anomalies), balance points above and below, and be a straight line or smooth curve.
58
When should you not force the line of best fit to pass through the origin?
Do not force it unless the physics of the experiment justifies it.
59
How do you calculate the gradient?
Choose two points on the line of best fit that are far apart, then use the formula: Gradient = Δy / Δx.
60
What should you include when calculating the gradient?
Clearly label the coordinates of the two points used and include units for the gradient.
61
What is an example scenario for calculating the gradient?
For a graph of distance vs. time, choose two points on the line of best fit, calculate the gradient, and exclude any anomaly points.
62
What is the summary for calculating the gradient?
Use the line of best fit to calculate the gradient, choose points at least half the size of the graph apart, and exclude anomaly points.
63
After drawing the best fit line for your graph, how should you accurately write the coordinates to calculate the gradient?
Axis precision (IMPORTANT) 1) Co-ordinates to follow precision of graph paper on both axes For example you know the big square box out by darker green lines, it contains 10 smaller square. So one small square is the smallest unit, but we will want to record to the half the smallest division so it will be 20 of those even smaller square. Then, you calculate the difference from the beginning of the big square to the end of it. Let’s say it is 200 and 250. So the difference is 50. Thus the precision of the axes maybe horizontal in this case, would be 50/20 -2.5 (1 d.p.) so for the two x- coordinates you are writing, you need to write it as 1 d.p. This applies for y axis as well. After that you find the gradient For e.g. (22.500 - 20.500) (3d.p.)/ (540.0-320.0) (1d.p.) = 2.000 (3 d.p.)/ 220.0 (1d.p.) = 0.09091 (4 s.f.—> because we are following s.f. Rule and the least s.f. Is 4) 2) Show working on graph paper itself. (Write it somewhere where it will not touch the graph line or curve)
64
What is the smallest division of a half metre rule or metre rule or measuring tape and do you read to the smallest division or half the smallest division?
The smallest division is 0.1cm (1 d.p. In cm) We read to the smallest division
65
What is the smallest division of an analogue vernier calipers and do you read to the smallest division or half the smallest division?
the smallest division is 0.01cm We read to the smallest division
66
What is the smallest division of an analogue micrometer screw gauge and do you read to the smallest division or half the smallest division?
The smallest division is 0.01mm or 0.001cm We read to the smallest division
67
What is the smallest division of a measuring cylinder (100cm cube) and do you read to the smallest division or half the smallest division?
The smallest division of a measuring cylinder is 1cm cube and we read to the half the smallest division
68
What is the smallest division of a stopwatch (digital) and do you read to the smallest division or half the smallest division?
the smallest division is 0.1 seconds or 0.01 seconds depending on the type of stopwatch We read to the smallest division regardless of the type of stopwatch. Write down whatever is shown on the stopwatch.
69
What is the smallest division of an electronic balance (read from display) and do you read to the smallest division or half the smallest division?
The smallest division is 0.1g or 0.01 g depending on the type of electronic balance. We read to the smallest division. Just record down whatever is shown from the electronic balance.
70
What is the smallest division of a spring balance (0-10N ) and do you read to the smallest division or half the smallest division?
The smallest division of a spring balance is 0.1N . We read to half the smallest division.
71
What is the smallest division of a newton meter (0-1N) and do you read to the smallest division or half the smallest division?
The smallest division is 0.01N We read to the smallest division
72
What is the smallest division of a milliammeter (0-100mA) and do you read to the smallest division or half the smallest division?
The smallest division is 2mA We read to half the smallest division.
73
What is the smallest division of an ammeter (0-1A) and do you read to the smallest division or half the smallest division?
The smallest division is 0.02 A We read to half the smallest division
74
What is the smallest division of a voltmeter (0-5V) and do you read to the smallest division or half the smallest division?
The smallest division is 0.1 V We read to half the smallest division
75
What is the smallest division of a liquid in glands Thermometer (-10 degrees celcius to 110 degrees celcius) and do you read to the smallest division or half the smallest division?
The smallest division is 1 degree celcius . We read to half the smallest division
76
What is the smallest division of a protractor and do you read to the smallest division or half the smallest division?
The smallest division of a protractor is 1 degrees. We read to the smallest division (0 d.p.)
77
What is the smallest division of a digital vernier calipers and do you read to the smallest division or half the smallest division?
The smallest division is 0.001cm We record the value from the display
78
What is the smallest division of a digital micrometer screw gauge and do you read to the smallest division or half the smallest division?
The smallest division is 0.0001cm. We record the value from the display

Physics Y3 (6 decks)

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