Practical Module 1

Question 1

mm to micrometers

Answer 1

1mm= 10^-3
1 microm= 10^-6
1mm–> 10^3 micrometers

Question 2

Characteristics of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 2

• Eukaryotic Cells:
  
  • Membrane-bound organelles
  • Nucleus that contains DNA
• Prokaryotic Cells:
  
  • No membrane-bound organelles
  • DNA but no nucleus
• Shared- ribosomes and plasma membrane

Question 3

Endosymbiosis

Answer 3

Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotes engulfing the early ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 4

Excavata

Answer 4

• Euglena

- Trypanosoma

Question 5

SAR Clade

Answer 5

• Paramecium
• Navicula
• Plasmodium
• fucus/ brown algae

Question 6

Archaeplatisda

Answer 6

• Volvox
• Clamydomonas
• Scenendesmus
• plants

Question 7

Unikonta

Answer 7

• Amoeba
• chaos
• animals
• Fungi
• yeast

Question 8

Euglena

Answer 8

• Flagellum
• Nucleus
• Chloroplasts
• Eyespot- detects light for photosynthesis
• Contractile vacuole- water balance
• Mixotrophic- can feed without photosynthesis if light not available

Question 9

Paramecium

Answer 9

• Cilia
• Oral groove- Depression that opens to gullet
• Food vacuole
• Macronucleus-DNA
• Contractile vacuole- water balance

Question 10

Amoeba

Answer 10

• Pseudopods used for movement and eating
  - Eating, stretches body around food
  - Stretches body to move
  
  • OR movement through cytoplasmic streaming?

Question 11

Plasmodium

Answer 11

-Causes malaria

Question 12

Trypanosoma

Answer 12

-Causes sleeping sickness

Question 13

Volvox

Answer 13

• Reproductive cells: Reproduce, darker inner cells
• Somatic cells: Do not reproduce, outer cells
• Extracellular matrix
• Movement= flagella
• Chloroplasts= eats through photosynthesis

Question 14

Fungi

Answer 14

• Multicellular or unicellular
• Heterotrophs- ingest decayed organisms
• Oxygeneic photosyntheisis evolved once, giving rise to unicellular fungi

Question 15

Animal supergroup and kingdom

Answer 15

-Unikonta, Animalia

Question 16

Coelem

Answer 16

• a body cavity
• Cushions internal organs
• Prevents internal injury
• Non-compressive skeleton used for movement
• Gives internal organs room to grow
• Acoelomates do not have coelom

Question 17

Tissues

Answer 17

• a group of cells with a specialized function

- Animals such as sponges lack tissues

Question 18

Phylums

Answer 18

• Sponges= Porifera
• Planaria and Flatworms=Platyhelminthes
• Rotifers=Syndermata
• Earthworms= Annelida
• Hydras=Cnidaria
• Vertebrates= Chordata
• Anthropods= Anthropoda

Question 19

Sponges

Answer 19

• Lack tissues
• Choanocytes: Create currents that move water through sponge and capture food organisms
• Amoebocytes: Deliver digested food items to other cells in sponge

Question 20

Hydra

Answer 20

• Budding- reproduction, buds develop into tiny individuals, detach from parent body and become independent
  
  • Cnidocytes- Stinging structures used to paralyze prey, defense
  • Two tissue layers- endoderm and ectoderm

Question 21

Rotifers

Answer 21

• Feeding done through spinning center/wheel organ- puts food in mouth
• Has organs and nervous system

Question 22

Skeletons

Answer 22

• Exoskeleton= outside
• Endoskeleton= inside
• Hydrostatic skeleton
  
  • Ex: Earthworms
  • Uses fluids in body cavity for movement
  • Circular and longitudinal muscles squeeze fluid for movement

Question 23

Cephalization

Answer 23

• the development of a head or CNS

- Found in bilateral organisms that are more active

Question 24

Setae

Answer 24

-Hair like structures in a worm that anchor it during movement

Question 25

Worm muscles and movement

Answer 25

• Circular creates fat area of fluid

- Longitudinal lengthens worm and squeezes fluid for movement