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Materials Equations > Practical considerations > Flashcards

Practical considerations Flashcards

1
Q

Steel is a ‘ferrous’ alloy, what does it mean?

A

It contains iron

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2
Q

What dictates the microstructure of ferrous alloys?

A

The carbon content

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3
Q

As the carbon content of steel increases, what happens to the yield strength?

A

It increases

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4
Q

As the carbon content of steel increases, what happens to the ductility?

A

The material becomes less ductile

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5
Q

What is ductility a measure of?

A

the degree to which a material can strain or elongate between the onset of yield and eventual fracture under tensile loading. High ductility in a material means that there is a warning before there is sudden failure.

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6
Q

Why does structural steel have to be ductile?

A

To redistribute the stress at the limit state
To reduce the risk of crack propagation
In the fabrication process

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7
Q

What are the 2 things steel gains its properties from?

A

Chemical composition and controlling of the grain size

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8
Q

Chronium and Nickle are often used to create ‘stainless steels’, why is this?

A

To protect the ferrous steel from rusting.

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8
Q

What is annealing?

A

The process in which steel is heated to a temp then cooled down slowly

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9
Q

What is ‘cold working steel’?

A

Compressing or twisting it beyond its yield point, which can increase its strength by reducing its grain size.

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10
Q

What by-product is used in the formation of steel?

A

Gas

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10
Q

What temp is iron ore heated to in a blast furnace?

A

2200 degrees to form a pool of molten iron

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11
Q

What is the 4 step process in the making of steel?

A

1 - Raw material and preperation
2 - Ironmaking
3 - Steelmaking
4 - Continuous casting

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12
Q

How is the temperature in a furnace regulated?

A

By the quantity of scrap steel, and percentage of iron ore, which both act as coolants.

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13
Q

How is steel shaped?

A

By heating it to high temperatures, which weakens its resistance.

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of mills to roll steel beams and collums?

A

Structural mill and universal mill

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15
Q

What is a structural mill?

A

there are multiple stands each containing specially shaped rolls where the full set of rolls gradually shape the hot steel in successive passes through separate roll gaps. The product passes through each roll gap only once.

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16
Q

What is a universal mill?

A

he stands contain both vertical and horizontal rolls and the hot steel passes backwards and forwards through the same mill multiple times with the shape being formed by reducing the gap between rolls on successive passes.

17
Q

How are steel profiles made?

A

My rolling or pressing thin steel sheets at room temp, the sheets are rolled past their elastic limits in order to retain a desired cross-section.

18
Q

What is welding?

A

The fusing of 2 metallic components by increasing the temp above its melting point

19
Q

As the cooling after welding is fast and the surrounding steel acts as a large ‘heat sink’ and the weld is usually small, what happens?

A

The hardening of the heat affected zone, which reduces the toughness.

20
Q

What is the most used material in the world?

A

Concrete

21
Q

What 4 materials is concrete made of?

A

Water, cement, fine aggregates and coarse aggregates.

22
Q

What is an accelerate in concrete?

A

Used to accelerate the hydration reeaction and gain early strength of the concrete.

23
Q

What are ‘set-retarders’ used in concrete?

A

Used to delay the settlement, useful in transport.

24
Q

What are water reducers in concrete?

A

Reduces the water content, resulting in a higher strength concrete.

25
Q

What is a ‘Superplasticizer’ used in concrete?

A

Reduces the water % in the concrete by 12-30%, resulting in higher workability.

26
Q

What is ‘masonry’?

A

Masonry units, which are bonded with a ‘mortar’

27
Q

What are masonry units?

A

Brick, block or stone

28
Q

What are most bricks made from?

A

Clay

29
Q

When clay is heated to fuse to form bricks, what does a higher temperature of clay result in?

A

A harder and more durable final product

30
Q

Why do concrete blocks have sand in them?

A

To reduce shrinkage

31
Q

What is mortar?

A

A mix of cement, sand and water used to bind masonry units together

32
Q

What are the requirements of mortar?

A

Must be easily workable, must not dry out, strong yet flexible.

33
Q

What is timber?

A

Wood that has been harvested and sawn to a suitable size

34
Q

Wood is an anisotropic material, what does this mean?

A

The strength perpendicular to the grain is significantly less than the strength parallel to the grain.

35
Q

What is the ‘seasoning’ of timber?

A

Drying timber in a controlled manner to reduce the chance of splitting and less prone to decay.

36
Q

What is Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL)?

A

LVL is produced by bonding softwood veneers (thin sheets of timber cut from a log) using a waterproof adhesive. It is then subjected to heat and pressure to create large sheets. LVL can be cut and bonded into other products

37
Q

What is Glued Laminated Lumber (Glulam)?

A

Glulam is produced by bonding layers of graded and seasoned timber with the grain parallel to each other, with no natural defects (or only confined to one laminate). Long sections can be produced by finger jointing them together and so glulam is typically used for long span beams.

38
Q

What is Cross Laminated Timber (CLT)?

A

CLT is formed in a similar fashion to glulam, using small sections of timber bonded together with permanent adhesives. CLT differs from glulam in that it is formed into panels rather than beams, hence the layers of timber (lamellas) are bonded perpendicularly to one another. By alternating the grain in each layer the strength is increased.

39
Q

What is plywood?

A

Structural plywood is manufactured by assembling thin veneers and bonding them together to form a flat sheet. Veneers are assembled with alternate grain directions.

40
Q

What is pultrusion?

A

The process of continuous fibres to be pulled through a bath of thermosetting resin and into a heated die to produce the desired shape. Used to produce constant cross section elements

41
Q

What is automated fillet wiring?

A

Technique used to produce large diameter high pressure pipelines and hollow beam sections

42
Q
A

Materials Equations (11 decks)

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