Practical Code

Question 1

what is the recommended way to install a browser driver in order to use it in Selenium?

Answer 1

• to download the Chrome driver (conveniently named chromedriver.exe)
• install (store) that file in a well-known place (directory) on the test workstation.
• add directory to the Path environmental variable

Question 2

What happens when we create a WebDriver object?

Answer 2

• An API between a script and the web browser is created

- An instance of the web browser is created

Question 3

Why is Web Driver protocol enabled to run several tests simultaneously or to control several browsers in one script?

Answer 3

Because WebDriver protocol is based on HTTP communication

Question 4

How do we create a WebDriver object to interact with Chrome Browser?

Answer 4

from selenium import webdriver

driver = webdriver.Chrome()

Question 5

CODE: To navigate to desired site page

Answer 5

driver.get(‘https://www.python.org’)

Question 6

CODE: Two useful attributes that the WebDriver object contains to check if the correct page has
been opened:

Answer 6

• driver.current_url

- driver.title

Question 7

CODE: To close the browser controlled by webdriver

Answer 7

driver.quit()

Question 8

CODE: To close an specific tab in the controlled web browser instance

Answer 8

driver.close()

Question 9

What is the safest way to determine which window is the currently open window?

Answer 9

driver.title attribute

Question 10

CODE: To simulate navigating forward, backward and refresh the web browser

Answer 10

• driver.back()
• driver.forward()
• driver.refresh()

Question 11

three ways in which a script context can be changed:

Answer 11

• changing browsers
• changing windows/tabs within one browser
• changing frames within one page

Question 12

where the list of all open tabs (windows) is stored?

Answer 12

An array that can be accessed through the window_handles attribute of the WebDriver object.

Question 13

CODE: The way to switch between open tabs in a browser (using Windows)

Answer 13

for handle in driver.window_handles:

driver.switch_to.window(handle)

Question 14

CODE: One way to Open up multiple tabs in Chrome browser (using Windows):

Answer 14

driver.execute_script( “$(window.open(‘’)” )

Question 15

What is necessary to be able to find elements in a specific frame?

Answer 15

change the context to that particular frame

Question 16

CODE: To change context to a specific frame.

Answer 16

driver.switch_to.frame(‘frame_ID’)

Question 17

CODE: What happens if the frame has no ID or we want to use different strategy to find it?

Answer 17

frame_location = driver.find_element_by_name(‘frame_name’)

driver.switch_to.frame( frame_location )

Question 18

CODE: to switch back to the parent frame

Answer 18

driver.switch_to.parent_frame()

Question 19

CODE: switch back to the whole page

Answer 19

driver.switch_to.default_content()

Question 20

CODE: Three ways to manipulate the size of a web browser’s window using Selenium.

Answer 20

maximize: driver.maximize_window()
minimize: driver.minimize_window()
fullscreen: driver.fullscreen_window()

Question 21

When it is useful to take screenshots of the screen?

Answer 21

• When the automated script detects that a failure occurred
• When the pass/fail determination can only be made by viewing the screen image
• When dealing with safety or mission-critical software which might require an audit
• When doing configuration testing on different systems

Question 22

two scopes in which screenshots can be taken?

Answer 22

• the entire browser page

- a single element in the browser page

Question 23

CODE: how to take a screenshot of a whole page and place it in a specific location?

Answer 23

driver.get_screenshot_as_file(“C:\path\to\screenshot.png”)

Question 24

CODE: how to take screenshot of an element and saving it to a specific location?

Answer 24

ele = driver.find_element_by_id(‘btnLogin’)

ele.screenshot(“C:\path\to\element_screenshot.png”)

Question 25

CODE: create an image as a base64 encoded string version of the snapshot of the window

Answer 25

img_b64 = driver.get_screenshot_as_base64()

Question 26

CODE: create a binary string representation of the snapshot of the window

Answer 26

png_str = driver.get_screenshot_as_png()

Question 27

CODE: create an image as a base64 encoded string version of the snapshot of a web element

Answer 27

ele = driver.find_element_by_id('loginForm')
img_b64 = ele.screenshot_as_base64

Question 28

CODE: create an image as a base64 encoded string version of the snapshot of a web element

Answer 28

ele = driver.find_element_by_id('loginForm')
png_str = ele.screenshot_as_png()