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Year 1 Anatomy > Practical class 2 muscles and nerves > Flashcards

Practical class 2 muscles and nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What are muscles called if they only attach to the trunnk

A

Axial muscles

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2
Q

What are muscles called if they attach from the trunk to the limb muscles?

A

Appendicular muscles

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3
Q

What kind of tissue are tendons?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

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4
Q

What is the name given to the proximal/superior attachment of a muscle?

A

Origin

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5
Q

What is the name given to the inferior/distal attachment of the muscle?

A

Insertion (usually the moving end of the muscle)

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6
Q

What is the name given to the type of tendons of the abdominal oblique muscles?

A

Aponeurosis - flat thin and broad

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7
Q

Which bicep muscle crosses three joints?

A

Biceps Brachii

Shoulder and elbow and Radioulna joint

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8
Q

What are muscles called that span the medial sagital plane, from one side of the body to the other?

A

Diaphragm - tendon situated in the centre of the muscle

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9
Q

What is the shape of the deltoid?

A

Triangular

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10
Q

What is a pair of muscles combining in an antagonistic way to carry out a particular action on a joint called?

A

An antagonistic pair

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11
Q

What is a synergist?

A

Muscle that performs the same set of movement as the agonist. Assists the movement of the joint. Stabilize movements and ensure movement falls within a safe range of motion.

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12
Q

What is a fixator?

A

Stabilises the joint and prevents dislocation.

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13
Q

What compartmentalises muscle?

A

Deep fascial intermuscular septa

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of each compartment?

A

Common nerves supplying all the muscles in the compartment, common actions in all the muscles of the compartment.

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15
Q

What supplies the muscles of the upper limb?

A

The brachial plexus - C5 - T1

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16
Q

What supplies the muscles of the lower limbs?

A

The lumbosacral plexus - L1 - S4

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17
Q

How many layers of oblique muscles exist on either side of the rectus abdominis?

A

3

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18
Q

What direction do the fibres face in the three layers of oblique muscles

A

90 degrees to each other

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19
Q

What does the word rectus mean?

A

Straight

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20
Q

What is the function of the aponeurosis?

A

Takes the function of tendons in sheet like muscles.

21
Q

Why are the anterior muscle of the anterior abdominal wall flat?

A

Allows organ function
Keeps viscera in the abdominal cavity
Keeps the viscera in the anatomical position against the effects of gravity

22
Q

What does the word brevis mean?

A

Short

23
Q

Define multipennate

A

When fibres converge like barbs on feathers to several central tendons.

24
Q

What does the term teres mean?

A

Rounded

25
Q

Where do the muscle fibres of the diaphragm attach?

A

A 3 leafed central tendon and peripherally to bony structures

26
Q

What are the features of skeletal muscle?

A 
Striations
Multinucleate
Peripheral nucleus
Oval nucleus
Z disks
27
Q

What are the features of smooth muscle?

A

Elongated nucleus
No Z disks
Single central nucleus

28
Q

What are the features of cardiac muscle?

A 
Branched
Shorter fibres
Intercalated disks
Z disks
Striated 
Oval central nucleus
29
Q

Where is the mixed spinal nerve formed?

A

In the intervertebral foramen

30
Q

What does the ventral ramus supply?

A

Supplies the skin muscles and bone of the anterolateral sides of the trunk as well as the entire upper and lower limbs

31
Q

What does the dorsal ramus supply?

A

The posterior side of the trunk only

32
Q

Where do you find intercostal nerve 7?

A

Below the rib of the same number

33
Q

Which 6 intercostal nerves also supply the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall?

A

T7-T12

34
Q

A cutaneous nerve can contain nerve fibres from how many spinal nerves?

A

Several

35
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

A strip of skin supplied by fibres coming from only one single spinal nerve.

36
Q

What joint occurs in the midline of the trunk at dermatome T2

A

The sternal angle

37
Q

What surface features of the body are found at dermatome T4?

A

Nipple

38
Q

What feature of the body marks the dermatome T10?

A

Umbilicus

39
Q

What region of the body is the dermatome L1 found?

A

The skin over the groin

40
Q

What is meant by a nerve plexus?

A

Nerves containing mixed fibres from more than one spinal nerve

41
Q

What is the endoneurium?

A

A layer of delicate connective tissue around the myelin sheath of each nerve fibre

42
Q

What is a fasicle?

A

A bundle of fibres

43
Q

What is the perineurium?

A

A protective sheath surrounding the fasicle

44
Q

What is the epineurium?

A

Another sheath, which surrounds multiple fasicles, each with their own blood supply and fatty tissue

45
Q

What is hiltons law?

A

The nerve supplying the muscle that crosses a joint and act at a joint, also innervate the joint

A sensory nerve supplying the joint also supplies the skin overlying the joint.

46
Q

What is the endomysium?

A

A layer of aeriolar connective tissue that ensheaths each individual myocyte (muscle fibre). It contains capillaries and nerves

47
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

A sheath of connective tissue that bundles muscle fibres into fasicles

48
Q

What is the epimycium?

A

A fibrous tissue envelope that ensheathes the entire muscle and protects muscles from friction against other muscles and bones.

Year 1 Anatomy (4 decks)

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