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PSIO 202 > Practical #4 > Flashcards

Practical #4 Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary System Functions

A

forms urin and stores it until it is eliminated from the body (micturition)

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2
Q

Components of the Urinary System

A
  • kidneys
  • ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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3
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A
  • waist level between 12th thoracic vertebra and 3rd lumbar vertebra
  • retroperitoneal
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4
Q

Functions of the kidneys

A
  • reg of blood ionic composition
  • reg of blood pH
  • reg of blood volume
  • reg of blood pressure
  • maintenance of blood osmolarity
  • production of hormones
  • regulation of blood glucose levels
  • excretion of wastes and foreign substances
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5
Q

Layers of kidney external anatomy (deep to superficial)

A
  • renal capsule
  • adipose capsule
  • renal fascia
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6
Q

Renal capsule

A
  • thin, fibrous membrane

- covers outer surface of the kidneys

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7
Q

Adipose capsule

A
  • adipose tissue
  • between renal capsule and renal fascia
  • provides protection and padding (cushion)
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8
Q

Renal fascia

A
  • dense irregular connective tissue

- outermost layer that attaches kidney to abdominal wall

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9
Q

Renal hilum

A
  • indentation at the concave border

- ureter, renal artery, renal vein, nerves, and lymphatic vessels pass through

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10
Q

Layers of kidney internal anatomy (superficial to deep_

A
  • renal cortex
  • renal medulla
  • renal sinus
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11
Q

Parts of renal medulla

A
  • renal pyramids
  • renal columns
  • portion of nephrons
  • papillary ducts
  • renal papilla
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12
Q

Parts of renal sinus

A
  • minor calyx
  • major calyx
  • renal pelvis
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13
Q

Renal cortex

A
  • contain portion of the nephrons

- contain a portion of the renal columns

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14
Q

Renal pyramids

A

cone shaped

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15
Q

Renal columns

A

extend from renal cortex and separate renal pyramids

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16
Q

Papillary ducts

A

openings in renal papilla that drain urine

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17
Q

Renal papilla

A

apex of renal pyramid that is pointed towards renal sinus

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18
Q

Minor calyx

A

adjacent to renal papilla; receive urine from papillary ducts

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19
Q

Major calyx

A

many minor calyces drain urine into a major calyx

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20
Q

Renal pelvis

A

large cavity that major calyces drain into; continuous with ureter

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21
Q

Blood flow through kidneys

A
  • renal artery
  • segmental arteries
  • interlobar arteries
  • arcuate arteries
  • interlobular arteries
  • afferent arterioles
  • glomerular capillaries
  • efferent arterioles
  • peritubular capillaries
  • interlobular veins
  • arcuate veins
  • interlobar veins
  • renal vein
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22
Q

Ureters

A
  • 2 long, narrow muscular tubes
  • extend from each kidney to the urinary bladder
  • transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
  • enter the inferior posterior wall of the bladder at an oblique angle
  • urine propelled through ureters by peristalsis, hydrostatic pressure, and gravity
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23
Q

Urinary Bladder

A
  • hollow muscular organ
  • distends to store urine and expels it into urethra
  • detrusor muscle
  • rugae
  • tirgone
  • internal urethral orifice
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24
Q

Detrusor muscle

A

smooth muscle within wall of bladder; contracts to force urine out of bladder

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25
Q

Rugae

A

folds in epithelial lining of bladder

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26
Q

Trigone

A
  • funnel shaped

- 2 urethral openings and internal urethral orifice

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27
Q

Internal Urethral Orifice

A

anterior opening into urethra

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28
Q

Urethra

A
  • tube carrying urine from internal urethral orifice to the exterior of the body
  • discharges urine from the body
  • external urethral orifice
  • internal urethral sphincter
  • external urethral sphincter
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29
Q

External Urethral Orifice

A

opening through which urine exits the body

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30
Q

Internal Urethral Sphincter

A

involuntary smooth muscle that controls passage of urine from urinary bladder to urethra

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31
Q

External Urethral Sphincter

A

voluntary skeletal muscle that permits passage of urine to external urethral orifice

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32
Q

Male Urethra Length and Regions

A
  • long (15-20 cm)

- has 3 regions: prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy (penile) urethra

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33
Q

Prostatic urethra

A

prostate gland

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34
Q

Membranous urethra

A

urogenital diaphragm

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35
Q

Spongy (penile) urethra

A

penis

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36
Q

Female Urethra Length

A

short (4 cm)

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37
Q

Nephron

A
  • functional unit of the kidney

- contains renal corpuscle, renal tubule, and collecting ducts

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38
Q

Renal corpuscle

A
  • filters blood
  • located in renal cortex
  • contains glomerulus, glomerular capsule, capsular space
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39
Q

Glomerulus

A

capillary network

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40
Q

Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

A

cup-shaped epithelial membrane surrounding glomerulus

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41
Q

Capsular space

A
  • glomerular cavity between glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

- where filtrate enters

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42
Q

Renal tubule

A
  • modifies filtrate to form urine

- contains proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule

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43
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule

A

located in renal cortex

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44
Q

Loop of Henle (nephron loop)

A
  • extends into renal medulla

- has ascending and descending limb of loop of henle

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45
Q

Distal convoluted tubule

A

located in renal cortex

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46
Q

Collecting ducts

A
  • many distal convoluted tubules converge here

- many collecting ducts unite into papillary ducts

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47
Q

Where does filtration occur?

A

renal corpuscle

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48
Q

Where does reabsorption occur?

A

renal tubule and collecting duct

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49
Q

Where does secretion occur?

A

renal corpuscle and collecting duct

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50
Q

What affects the amount of filtrate?

A

diameter of afferent arteriole and pressure within glomerular capillaries

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51
Q

Types of nephrons

A

Cortical nephrons and Juxtamedullary nephrons

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52
Q

Cortical nephrons

A
  • majority of nephrons
  • short loops of henle: descend slightly into medulla
  • receive blood supply from peritubular capillary network
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53
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons

A
  • PCT, Corpuscle, DCT: closer to medulla
  • long loops of henle: descend deep into medulla
  • 2 portions of ascending limb: thin and think ascending limb
  • receive blood supply from peritubular capillary network AND vasa recta
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54
Q

Flow of Filtrate/Urine through Urinary System

A

I don’t know

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55
Q

Kidney Histology

A
  • glomerular (bowman’s) capsule
  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • loop of henle
  • distal convoluted tubule
  • collecting ducts
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56
Q

Glomerular (Bowman’s) Capsule

A
  • visceral epithelial layer
  • parietal epithelial layer
  • podocytes
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57
Q

Visceral epithelial layer

A

filtration membrane adjacent to glomerulus (simple squamous epithelium)

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58
Q

Parietal epithelial layer

A

forms funnel-like structure that collects filtrate in capsular space (simple squamous epithelium)

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59
Q

Podocytes

A

foot-like projections on visceral layer that wrap around glomerular capillaries

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60
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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61
Q

Loop of Henle

A
  • descending limb

- ascending limb (thin and thick sections)

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62
Q

Descending Limb (loop of henle)

A

simple squamous epithelium

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63
Q

Ascending limb thin section (loop of henle)

A

simple squamous epithelium

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64
Q

Ascending limb thick section (loop of henle)

A

simple cuboidal epithelium to low columnar cells

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65
Q

Distal convoluted tubule

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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66
Q

Collecting ducts

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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67
Q

Ureters, Urinary Bladder, Urethra Histology

A
  • mucosa (epithelium and lamina propria)
  • muscularis (inner longitudinal and outer circular)
  • adventitia
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68
Q

Ureter and Urinary Bladder histology

A

mucosa contains transitional epithelium (distends to accomodate urine)

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69
Q

Urethra histology

A
  • transitional epithelium to stratified columnar epithelium

- pseudostratified columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium

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70
Q

Urinalysis

A

analysis of the physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics of urine and measures urine volume

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71
Q

Specific gravity

A
  • the weight of a volume of substance divided by the weight of the same volume of distilled water
  • indicates the amount of “stuff” in substance
  • urine’s SG ~1.001-1.035
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72
Q

Osmolarity

A

a measure of the total number of dissolved particles per liter of solution

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73
Q

Normal volume of urine

A

one to two liters per 24 hours; considerable variation in normal volume

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74
Q

Normal color of urine

A

yellow or amber color; urine color is darker in concentrated urine

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75
Q

Normal turbidity of urine

A

transparent in freshly voided urine; will turn cloudy after standing; microbes, pus, epithelial cells, or crystals may cause cloudiness in fresh urine

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76
Q

Normal oder of urine

A

aromatic when fresh; ammonia-like after standing because of breakdown of urea to ammonia by bacteria

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77
Q

Normal pH of urine

A

normal range is 4.6-8.0, with an average of 6.0; high-protein diets produce an acidic urine; vegetarian diets produce alkaline urine

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78
Q

Normal specific gravity of urine

A

normal range is 1.001-1.035; low specific gravity represents dilute urine; higher values represent a concentrated urine

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79
Q

Urea levels in urine

A

byproduct of protein catabolism normally found in the urine; excessive excretion of urea may be indicative of an abnormal increase in protein degradation that could lead to muscle wasting and negative nitrogen balance

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80
Q

Creatinine levels in urine

A

a metabolite of creatine phosphate catabolism in muscle; creatinine is a normal constituent of the blood and urine

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81
Q

Uric acid levels in urine

A

formed in the catabolism of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA); uric acid is very insoluble and tends to crystallize, contributing to the production of kidney stones

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82
Q

Ammonia levels in urine

A

a product of protein catabolism that is either excreted in the urine or is used as a substrate to form urea; like urea, excessive ammonia excretion may reflect abnormal levels of protein degradation

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83
Q

Inorganic ions in urine (K, Na, Cl, Ca, Mg)

A

excretion of inorganic ions depends upon diet, urine pH, and hormonal influences (especially for calcium)

84
Q

Albuminuria

A

Constituent: albumin

usually indicative of pathology of the filtration barrier since albumin is a large protein that is not normally filtered at the renal corpuscle

85
Q

Glucosuria

A

Constituent: glucose

usually indicative of diabetes mellitus; glucose is normally reabsorbed by renal tubule cells; if glucose is excessively high in the blood, it will be excreted in the urine

86
Q

Hematuria

A

Constituent: red blood cells

indicative of damage to the filtration barrier or trauma to the urinary tract

87
Q

Pyuria

A

Constituent: white blood cells

indicates infection of the kidney or urinary organs

88
Q

Ketonuria

A

Constituent: ketone bodies

present in urine in conditions of starvation, diabetes mellitus, and low carbohydrate diets

89
Q

Urobilinogenuria

A

Constituent: urobilinogen

an end product of hemoglobin metabolism, excessive levels may indicate a pathological lysing of red blood cells, or a liver disorder

90
Q

Bilirubinuria

A

Constituent: bilirubin

is formed in the catabolism of hemoglobin; high levels of bilirubin in the urine may indicate an excessive destruction of red blood cells

91
Q

Bacterial Infection

A

Constituent: microbes

the presence of various bacteria in the urine is indicative of infection and inflammation of the urinary tract

92
Q

What can dehydration and hemorrhaging cause?

A

increase in blood osmolarity and decrease in blood volume and pressure

93
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin Function

A

increases water reabsorption (facultative water reabsorption)

94
Q

Facultative water reabsorption

A

increase water permeability in DCT and collecting duct by inserting more aquaporins in the membrane

95
Q

Effects of alcohol (diuretic)

A
  • decreases ADH release from posterior pituitary

- consequences are less facultative water reabsorption leads to dilute urine

96
Q

Aldosterone function

A

increases reabsorption of Na, Cl, H20, and secretion of K (obligatory water reabsorption)

97
Q

Obligatory water reabsorption

A

increases activity of Na transporters in DCT and collecting duct to increase Na reabsorption, and water follows through osmosis (water is obligated to follow the Na)

98
Q

Effects of caffeine (diuretic)

A
  • inhibits Na reabsorption in renal tubule

- consequences are less obligatory water reabsorption leads to dilute urine

99
Q

Renal Calculi

A

kidney stones/nephrolithiasis

100
Q

Renal Calculi symptoms

A

flank or back pain that can radiate, dysuria, discolored urine, malodorous urine, nausea and vomiting, frequent urination

101
Q

Renal Calculi types of stones

A

calcium, struvite, uric acid, cystine

102
Q

Renal Calculi risk factors

A

dehydration, family history, high protein or high salt diet, digestive diseases that can affect absorption of calcium and water

103
Q

Renal Calculi diagnosis

A

Imaging (CT and X-Ray)

104
Q

Renal Calculi treatments

A

active surveillance with increased hydration and diet changes, shockwave lithotripsy, laser lithotripsy, stent placement, stone manipulation and basketing

105
Q

Urinalysis Results

A

review on slides

106
Q

Male Reproductive System Functions

A
  • produce sperm and male sex hormone (testes)
  • transport store, and assist in maturation sperm (ducts)
  • secrete most of the liquid portion of semen (accessory sex glands)
  • a passageway for ejaculation of semen and excretion of urine (penis)
107
Q

Male Reproductive System Components

A
  • testes
  • ducts (epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra)
  • accessory sex glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands)
  • supporting structures (scrotum, penis)
108
Q

Scrotum (Scrotal Sac)

A
  • supporting structure for testes
  • scrotal septum
  • dartos muscle
  • cremastor muscles
109
Q

Supporting Structure for Testes

A

pouch of loose skin that is suspended from the root of penis outside the abdominopelvic cavity

110
Q

Scrotal Septum

A

internally divides scrotum with 1 testis in each section

111
Q

Dartos Muscle

A
  • smooth muscle within scrotal septum and scrotal wall
  • wrinkles and raises scrotum when contracted
  • function: tightens scrotum to reduce heat loss
112
Q

Cremastor Muscles

A
  • within spermatic cords
  • skeletal muscle that are extensions of the internal obliques
  • adjusts distance of testes from body wall (contraction when cold/relaxation when hot)
113
Q

Testes (Testicles) External Anatomy

A
  • male gonads: paired, oval glands in scrotum
  • endocrine and exocrine functions
  • 3 layers
114
Q

Endocrine Function of Testes

A

produce and release male hormones called androgens (testosterone)

115
Q

Exocrine Function of Testes

A

produce and release sperm (spermatogenesis vs. spermiogenesis)

116
Q

Layers of Testes

A
  • tunica albuginea
  • tunica vaginalis
  • spermatic fascia
117
Q

Tunca Albuginea

A
  • white fibrous capsule: dense fibrous connective tissue

- extends into testes: forms septa that divide testes into lobules

118
Q

Tunica Vaginalis

A

extension of peritoneum

119
Q

Spermatic Fascia

A

loose connective tissue

120
Q

Testes (Testicles) Internal Anatomy

A
  • seminiferous tubules (spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis)
  • straight tubules
  • rete testis
  • efferent ducts
  • epididymis
  • leydig cells (interstitial endocrinocytes)
  • Sertoli cells
121
Q

Seminiferous Tubules

A
  • located within the lobules of the testes
  • spermatogenesis: formation of spermatids through meiosis (occurs in walls of seminiferous tubules)
  • spermiogenesis: maturation of sperm, spermatid to sperm (occurs in seminiferous tubules)
122
Q

Straight tubules

A

short ducts

123
Q

Rete Testis

A

network of ducts

124
Q

Efferent ducts

125
Q

Epididymis in Anatomy

A
  • 1st part of male duct system

- further maturation of sperm

126
Q

Leydig Cells (interstitial endocrinocytes)

A
  • produce and secrete androgens, primarily testosterone
  • located within interstitial spaces of testes (triangular shaped spaces between seminiferous tubules)
  • stimulated by LH
127
Q

Sertoli cells

A
  • provides chemical environment for spermatogenesis and assists cells to move from basement membrane to lumen of seminiferous tubules
  • located within walls of seminiferous tubules
  • stimulated by FSH
128
Q

Male Duct System

A
  • ducts of the testes
  • epididymis
  • vas deferens (ductus deferens)
  • ejaculatory duct
  • urethra
129
Q

Ducts of the Testes

A

straight tubules, rete testis, efferent ducts

130
Q

Epididymis Duct

A
  • site of sperm storage
  • reabsorbs degenerated sperm or any sperm not ejaculated after several months (stereocilia)
  • curves over posterior of corresponding testis
  • propels sperm into vas deferens by peristaltic contractions of smooth muscle
131
Q

Vas Deferens (ductus deferens)

A
  • travels through spermatic cord into pelvic cavity

- broadens into an ampulla that joins with seminal vesicle duct into ejaculatory duct

132
Q

Ejaculatory duct

A

passes through prostate gland

133
Q

Urethra

A
  • prostatic urethra: prostate gland
  • membranous urethra: urogenital diaphragm
  • spongy (penile) urethra: penis
134
Q

Spermatic Cord Functions

A
  • ascends out of scrotum

- enters pelvic cavity through inguinal canals (passageways in the anterior abdominal wall)

135
Q

Spermatic Cord Contains

A
  • vas deferens
  • testicular artery
  • pampiniform plexus (vein network)
  • nerves
  • lymphatic vessels
  • cremastor muscle
136
Q

Pampiniform Plexus (vein network)

A
  • drains testes and carries testosterone into circulation

- helps control testis temperature by allowing evaporation of heat from artery

137
Q

Accessory Sex Glands

A
  • seminal vesicles (60% of semen volume)
  • prostate gland (25% of semen volume)
  • bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands (15% of semen)
138
Q

Seminal Vesicles

A
  • posterior to urinary bladder
  • fluid from seminal vesicle flow through seminal vesicle duct
  • alkaline fluid: neutralizes acidic male urethra and female vagina
  • fluid contains fructose (energy source for sperm) and prostaglandins (stimulate sperm motility and muscular contractions in female repro tract)
139
Q

Prostate Gland

A
  • surrounds prostatic urethra inferior to urinary bladder
  • slightly acidic fluid
  • fluid contains proteolytic enzymes (increases sperm viability and motility)
  • Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
140
Q

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) Glands

A
  • within urogenital diaphragm on either side of membranous urethra
  • alkaline fluid: neutralizes acidic male urethra
  • secretes mucus: lubricates urethra and glans penis (pre-ejaculate)
141
Q

Penis

A
  • cylindrical shaft that contains spongy (penile) urethra: passageway for urine and ejaculation of semen
  • suspensory ligament of penis
  • 3 cylindrical masses
  • glans penis
142
Q

Suspensory Ligament of Penis

A
  • attach penis to pubic symphysis

- support penis when erect

143
Q

3 cylindrical masses (erectile tissue)

A
  • Corpora Cavernosa Penis (2): contains blood sinuses

- Corpora Spongiosum Penis (1): contains spongy urethra and blood sinuses

144
Q

Glans Penis

A
  • extension of corpus spongiosum
  • covered with prepuce (foreskin): circumcision
  • external urethral orifice
145
Q

Erection

A

blood sinuses will engorge with blood

146
Q

Spermatogenesis

A
  • formation of haploid spermatids
  • Ratio is 1:4
  • 2n (diploid): 46 chromosomes
  • n (haploid): 23 chromosomes
147
Q

Spermiogenesis

A
  • maturation of sperm: development of haploid spermatids into sperm
  • components: head, mid piece, and tail
148
Q

Head of Sperm

A
  • nucleus: contains chromosomes

- acrosome: contains hydrolytic enzymes that allow sperm to penetrate oocyte

149
Q

Midpiece of Sperm

A

mitochondria: produce ATP for motility

150
Q

Tail of Sperm

A

flagellum: propels sperm

151
Q

Female Reproductive System Functions

A
  • produce secondary oocytes and hormones, including estrogen and progesterone (ovaries)
  • transport secondary oocytes to uterus (uterine tubes)
  • protect and nourish developing embryo and fetus (uterus)
  • receive penis during sexual intercourse and provide passageway for childbirth (vagina)
  • synthesize, secrete, and eject milk for newborn (mammary gland)
152
Q

Female Reproductive System Components

A
  • ovaries
  • uterine tubes
  • uterus
  • vagina
  • external genitalia
  • mammary glands
153
Q

Ovaries

A
  • female gonads: paired, oval-shaped glands located on either side of uterus
  • endocrine and exocrine systems
154
Q

Endocrine Functions of Ovaries

A

produce and release hormones (estrogen and progesterone)

155
Q

Exocrine Functions of Ovaries

A

produce and release secondary oocytes (ovulation)

156
Q

Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes/Oviducts Functions

A
  • receive and transport secondary oocyte to superior part of uterus
  • provide a route for sperm to reach ovum
157
Q

3 Regions of Uterine Tubes/Oviducts

A
  • infundibulum
  • ampulla
  • isthmus
158
Q

Infundibulum

A
  • distal portion of uterine tube
  • fimbriae: finger-like projections
  • produces a small current from swaying that helps oocyte to come into uterine tube
  • ectopic pregnancy
159
Q

Ampulla

A
  • longest region (2/3 length)

- fertilization

160
Q

Isthmus

A
  • proximal to uterus

- narrower lumen and thicker walls compared to infundibulum and ampulla

161
Q

What type of epithelium is the uterine tube lined with?

A

ciliated columnar epithelium

beating of cilia and peristaltic, smooth muscle contractions help zygote move through tube

162
Q

Uterus

A
  • superior to urinary bladder
  • site of implantation of fertilized ovum, development of fetus, labor, source of menstrual flow
  • 3 regions
  • 3 layers
163
Q

3 Regions of Uterus

A
  • fundus
  • body
  • cervix (internal Os, cervical canal, external Os)
164
Q

Fundus

A

dome-shaped superior portion and meets uterine tubes

165
Q

Body

A

largest region of uterus

166
Q

Cervix

A

narrow region that opens into vagina

  • internal Os
  • cervical canal
  • external Os
167
Q

Internal Os

A

opening between uterus and cervix

168
Q

Cervical Canal

A

cavity with cervix

169
Q

External Os

A

opening between cervix and vagina

170
Q

3 Layers of Uterus

A
  • endometrium
  • myometrium
  • perimetrium
171
Q

Endometrium

A
  • inner vascular layer lining uterine cavity

- includes stratum functionalis and stratum basalis

172
Q

Stratum Functionalis

A
  • sloughs off during menstruation
  • epithelial layer + endometrial glands
  • increases in size each month to prepare for zygote (stimulated by estrogen and progesterone)
173
Q

Stratum Basalis

A
  • creates new stratum functionalis after each menstruation

- remains after menstruation

174
Q

Myometrium

A
  • thickest layer of uterus

- has 3 smooth muscle layers (circular, oblique, longitudinal)

175
Q

Perimetrium

A

thin outer layer (part of visceral peritoneum)

176
Q

Female Glands

A
  • skene’s (lesser vestibular) glands

- bartholin (greater vestibule) glands

177
Q

Skene’s (Lesser Vestibule) Glands

A
  • ducts are near urethra: lubricate urethra
  • homologous to prostate gland
  • antimicrobial
178
Q

Bartholin (Greater Vestibular) Glands

A
  • near vagina: lubricates vagina with mucous

- homologous to Cowper’s glands

179
Q

Mammary Glands

A
  • modified sweat glands
  • surrounded by adipose tissue
  • has external and internal structures
180
Q

External structures: Mammary Glands

A
  • Areola
  • Nipple
  • Lactiferous Duct Openings
181
Q

Areola

A

circular pigmented area around nipple

182
Q

Nipple

A

pigmented projection

183
Q

Lactiferous Duct Openings

A

where milk emerges

184
Q

Internal structures: Mammary Glands

A
  • alveoli
  • lobules
  • lobes
  • mammary ducts
  • lactiferous sinuses
  • lactiferous ducts
185
Q

Alveoli

A

milk-producing glands

186
Q

Lobules

A

clusters of alveoli

187
Q

Lobes

A

made up of lobules

188
Q

Mammary Ducts

A

drain one lobe

189
Q

Lactiferous Sinuses

A

drain mammary ducts

190
Q

Lactiferous Ducts

A

drain lactiferous sinuses

191
Q

Flow of Milk

A
  • alveoli
  • mammary ducts
  • lactiferous sinuses
  • lactiferous ducts
  • ejected (nipple)
192
Q

Oogenesis

A
  • formation of haploid ova
  • 2n (diploid): 46 chromosomes
  • n (haploid): 23 chromosomes
193
Q

Primary Oocyte Division

A
  • occurs before birth but stops at prophase I

- finishes meiosis I during puberty (each month)

194
Q

Secondary Oocyte Division

A
  • begins meiosis II but stops at metaphase II after ovulation
  • complete meiosis II after fertilization
195
Q

Ovarian Histology Regions

A
  • germinal epithelium
  • cortex
  • medulla
196
Q

Ovarian Germinal Epithelium

A

simple epithelium

197
Q

Ovarian Cortex

A

contains follicles

198
Q

Ovarian Medulla

A

contains connective tissues, blood vessels, and nerves

199
Q

Granulosa Cells

A

secrete estrogen

200
Q

Theca Cells

A

provide the precursor for granulose cells to produce estrogen

201
Q

What happens after ovulation?

A

Graafian follicle becomes corpus lute (secretes progesterone) and later into corpus albicans if the ovum is not fertilized

202
Q

Primordial Follicles

A

contain primary oocytes surrounded by follicular cells

203
Q

Primary Follicles

A

contain primary oocytes surrounded by follicular cells and granulose cells

204
Q

Secondary Follicles

A

contain primary oocytes and antrum (follicular fluid)

205
Q

Graafian Follicles (Mature Follicles)

A

contain secondary oocytes

PSIO 202 (5 decks)

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