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PSIO 202 > Practical 2 > Flashcards

Practical 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Antigens

A
  • surface glycoproteins and glycolipids
  • reacts with a specific antibody
  • able to produce a specific immune response
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2
Q

Antibodies

A
  • found in plasna
  • combines with a specific antigen
  • involved in inhibiting or destroying the antigen and its cell
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3
Q

Type A

A

A antigen, Anti-B antibody

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4
Q

Type B

A

B antigen, Anti-A antibody

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5
Q

Type AB

A

Both A and B antigen, Neither antibody

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6
Q

Type O

A

Neither A nor B antigen, Both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

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7
Q

Rh Positive

A

presence of Rh antigen on erythrocyte (blood does not contain anti-Rh antibodies)

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8
Q

Rh Negative

A

absence of Rh antigen on erythrocyte (blood does not contain anti-Rh antibodies UNLESS the person is exposed to Rh antigen in childbirth, blood transfusions, and sharing needles)

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9
Q

Functions of the Respiratory System

A
  • provides gas exchange
  • regulates blood pH
  • contains receptors for sense of smell
  • filters air
  • produces sounds
  • rids the body of some water and heat through expired air
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10
Q

Respiratory System Main Organs

A
  • nose
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • lungs
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11
Q

Upper Respiratory System

A
  • nose
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • associated structures
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12
Q

Lower Respiratory System

A
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • lungs
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13
Q

Conducting Zone

A
  • filters, warms, and moistens air
  • conducts that air into the lungs
  • nose, nasal cavity pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
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14
Q

Respiratory Zone

A
  • site of gas exchange

- respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

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15
Q

Nose function

A

warms, humidifies, and filters air

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16
Q

Nose main composition

A

bone (base) and hyaline cartilage (anterior)

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17
Q

External Nares

A

openings for air to enter nasal cavity (nostrils)

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18
Q

Nasal Cavity

A

lined with mucous membrane

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19
Q

Nasal Septum

A

separates right and left nasal cavity (nosebleeds, deviated septum)

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20
Q

Turbinates/Conchae

A

curved bony structures in nasal cavity (superior, middle, inferior)

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21
Q

Meatus

A

increases surface area, warms and humidifies air, dry mouth when sick (superior, middle, inferior)

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22
Q

Hard Palate

A

bony; forms floor of nasal cavity

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23
Q

Internal Nares

A

openings that lead into nasopharynx

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24
Q

Pharynx

A

throat

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25
Q

Nasopharynx

A

begins at internal nares and ends at soft palate

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26
Q

Oropharynx

A

begins at soft palate and ends at hyoid bone

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27
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

begins at hyoid bone and ends at esophagus

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28
Q

Soft palate

A

posterior extension of hard palate

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29
Q

Uvula

A

dangles inferiorly as an extension of soft palate (swallowing)

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30
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

A

cavities that warm and moisten air and drain into nasal cavity

  • frontal sinus
  • maxillary sinus
  • ethmoidal sinus
  • sphenoidal sinus
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31
Q

Auditory (Eustachian) Tubes

A

connect ear to nasopharynx (behind nasal cavity)

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32
Q

Tonsils

A
  • pharyngeal tonsil (1)
  • palatine tonsils (2)
  • lingual tonsils (2)
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33
Q

Larynx

A

voicebox (all cartilages are hyaline except epiglottis)

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34
Q

Glottis

A

opening into larynx

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35
Q

Paired Cartilages

A

posterior wall of larynx

  • arytenoid cartilages
  • cuneiform cartilages
  • conrniculate cartilages
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36
Q

Thyroid Cartilage

A
  • single cartilage
  • largest
  • Adam’s apple
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37
Q

Cricoid Cartilage

A
  • single cartilage
  • complete ring
  • larger on posterior side
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38
Q

Epiglottis

A
  • single cartilage
  • closes over glottis
  • elastic cartilage
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39
Q

Structures of Voice Production

A

folds are lateral to glottis

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40
Q

Ventricular folds/ Vestibular folds/ False Vocal Cords

A

superior and lateral

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41
Q

Vocal folds/ True Vocal Cords

A
  • inferior and medial
  • attached to arytenoid cartilages via small muscles
  • laryngitis
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42
Q

Trachea

A
  • windpipe
  • tubular passageway for air
  • extends from larynx and divides into primary bronchi
  • anterior to esophagus
  • many incomplete rings of cartilage around trachea
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43
Q

Tracheal Cartilage

A

where a tracheotomy is performed

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44
Q

Trachealis Muscle

A
  • changes diameter of trachea during inhalation and exhalation
  • coughing and choking
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45
Q

Lungs

A
  • apex: rounded superior part

- base: broader inferior part

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46
Q

Hilum

A

medial side of the lung (entrance and exit area for bronchi, blood supply, lymphatic vessels, and nerves)

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47
Q

Lobes of Right Lung

A

superior, middle and inferior

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48
Q

Lobes of Left Lung

A

superior and inferior (cardiac notch is a concave surface where apex of heart lies)

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49
Q

Pleaural Membrane

A

encloses and protects lungs

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50
Q

Double-Layered Serous Membrane

A
  • visceral pleura: covers surface of each lung

- parietal pleura: lines thoracic cavity wall

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51
Q

Pleaural Cavity

A
  • space between visceral and parietal pleura

- contains pleural fluid which reduces friction during inhalation and exhalation

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52
Q

Bronchial Tree

A 
Trachea
Primary Bronchi
Secondary Bronchi
Tertiary Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal Bronchioles
Respiratory Bronchioles
Alveolar Ducts 
Alveolar Sacs 
Alveoli
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53
Q

Trachea

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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54
Q

Primary Bronchi

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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55
Q

Secondary Bronchi

A

Simple columnar epithelium with few cilia

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56
Q

Tertiary Bronchi

A

Simple columnar epithelium with few cilia and Simple Cuboidal epithelium with few cilia

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57
Q

Bronchioles

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium with few cilia

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58
Q

Terminal Bronchioles

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium with few cilia

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59
Q

Respiratory Bronchioles

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium with few cilia and Simple squamous epithelium

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60
Q

Alveolar Ducts

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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61
Q

Alveolar Sacs

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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62
Q

Alveoli

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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63
Q

Carina

A

where trachea splits into right and left primary (main) bronchi

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64
Q

Which bronchus is longer?

A

Left primary bronchus

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65
Q

Changes from bronchi to bronchioles

A
  • diameter of airway decreases
  • changes in epithelium
  • change from cartilage to smooth muscle (asthmatic inhalers)
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66
Q

How does smoking affect the respiratory system?

A
  • nicotine constricts terminal bronchioles
  • hemoglobin has a greater affinity for CO than O2
  • increased mucus secretion and swelling of mucosal lining
  • destruction of elastic fibers (emphysema)
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67
Q

Mucociliary Clearance

A

defense mechanism to protect lungs from pollutants, allergens, and pathogens (cilia and goblet cells work together to remove inhaled particles from lungs)
–cilia become paralyzed and debris is not cleared

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68
Q

Extensive long term smoking

A

change in tissue type (metaplasia) from pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium (no cilia)

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69
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation

A
  • macroscopic
  • breathing
  • moving air between atmosphere and lungs (inhalation and exhalation)
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70
Q

External Respiration

A

movement of O2 and CO2 between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

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71
Q

Internal Respiration

A

movement of O2 and CO2 between capillaries and tissues

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72
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

cells use O2 to create ATP (energy)

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73
Q

Pulmonary ventilation inhalation

A

air moves into lungs when pressure inside lungs is less than atmospheric pressure

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74
Q

Pulmonary ventilation exhalation

A

air moves out of lungs when pressure inside lungs is greater than atmospheric pressure

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75
Q

Boyles Law

A

inverse relationship between pressure and volume

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76
Q

Pressure changes during pulmonary ventilation inhalation

A
  • thorax expands
  • parietal pleura pulled outward
  • pleural cavity volume increases
  • intrapleural pressure decreases
  • visceral pleura and lungs pulled outward
  • alveolar pressure decreases
  • air enters lungs
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77
Q

Pressure changes during pulmonary ventilation exhalation

A
  • lungs recoil and thorax decreases in size
  • visceral pleura pulled inward
  • alveolar pressure increases
  • pleural cavity volume decreases and parietal pleura pulled inward
  • intrapleural pressure increases
  • air leaves lungs
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78
Q

Intrapleural Pressure

A

pressure between the two pleural layer

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79
Q

Alveolar Pressure

A

pressure inside the lungs

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80
Q

Pneumothorax

A
  • air enters pleural cavity
  • intrapleural pressure increases
  • lung collapses
  • open valve
  • air escapes
  • intrapleural pressure decreases
  • inhales
  • close valve
  • intrapleural pressure increases
  • exhales
  • that shit hurted
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81
Q

Quiet inhalation muscles

A
  • diaphragm contracts

- external intercostal muscles contract

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82
Q

Forced inhalation muscles

A
  • diaphragm contracts
  • external intercostal muscles contract
  • sternocleidomastoid contracts
  • scalenes contract
  • pectoralis minor muscles contract
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83
Q

Quiet exhalation muscles

A
  • diaphragm relaxes

- external iintercostal muscles relax

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84
Q

Forced exhalation muscles

A
  • diaphragm relaxes
  • external intercostal muscles relax
  • internal intercostal muscles contract
  • abdominal muscles–external obliques, internal obliques, transverse abdominal, recites abdominus contract
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85
Q

Lymphatic System Functions

A
  • drains excess interstitial fluid and returns it to bloodstream
  • carries out immune responses
  • transports dietary lipids and lipid soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
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86
Q

Lymphatic System Componenets

A
  • lymphatic organs
  • lymphatic tissues
  • lymphatic vessels
  • lymph
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87
Q

Lymph

A

fluid found within lymphatic vessels

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88
Q

Blood capillaries filter:

A

more plasma than what is reabsorbed

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89
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

excess fluid in interstitial spaces

90
Q

What do lymphatic capillaries absorb?

A

interstitial fluid

91
Q

Lymphatic Capillaries

A
  • lies near blood capillaries

- closed at one end

92
Q

Chain of lymphatic capillaries to ducts

A
  • lymphatic capillaries merge to form lymphatic vessels
  • lymphatic vessels merge to form lymph trunks
  • lymph trunks merge to form ducts (thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct)
93
Q

Lymphatic Vessels

A
  • carry lymph
  • thinner walls
  • more valves
  • dead-end capillary
  • carrying lymph in one direction
  • all drain into subclavian vein
94
Q

Veins

A
  • carry blood
  • thicker walls
  • less valves
  • carry blood in all directions throughout body
95
Q

Similarities of lymphatic vessels and veins

A
  • carry fluid back to heart
  • refer to fluid as being “drained”
  • valves
  • carry leukocytes
  • use skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump, and arterial pump
96
Q

Cisterna Chyli

A

sac-like reservoir in the abdominal area where lymph trunks merge into; also mark the start of thoracic duct

97
Q

Thoracic Duct

A
  • begins at cisterna chyli
  • drains lymph from legs, abdomen, left arm, and left side of the thorax, neck, and head
  • drains into the left subclavian vein
98
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A
  • drains lymph from right arm and right side of the thorax, neck, and head
  • drains into right subclavian vein
99
Q

Flow of lymph

A
  • lymphatic capillaries
  • lymphatic vessels
  • lymphatic nodes
  • lymphatic vessels
  • lymphatic trunks
  • lymphatic ducts
100
Q

Lymph nodes

A
  • submandibular nodes
  • cervical nodes
  • axillary nodes
  • bronchial nodes
  • mammary nodes
  • illiac nodes
  • intestinal nodes
  • inguinal nodes
101
Q

Lymph trunks

A
  • subclavian trunks
  • jugular trunks
  • lumbar trunks
  • intestinal trunks
102
Q

Subclavian Trunks

A
  • axillary nodes
  • bronchial nodes
  • mammary nodes
103
Q

Jugular Trunks

A
  • cervical nodes

- submandibular nodes

104
Q

Lumbar Intestinal Trunks

A
  • illiac nodes
  • intestinal nodes
  • inguinal nodes
105
Q

Primary Lymphatic Organs

A

where lymphocytes are produced and become immunocompetent (red bone marrow and thymus)

106
Q

Secondary Lymphatic Organs

A

where immune responses occur (spleen and lymph nodes (axillary, mammary, intestinal, inguinal, iliac, cervical, submandibular, bronchial))

107
Q

Lymphatic Organs

A

surrounded by capsule

108
Q

Lymphatic Tissues

A

not surrounded by a capsule

109
Q

Lymphatic Nodules

A

where immunes responses occur (MALT and Aggregations)

110
Q

MALT

A
  • mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
  • tiny specs of lymphoid tissue inside connective tissue of mucous membranes
  • urinary, digestive, reproductive, and respiratory
  • necessary because these tracts are open to external environment
111
Q

Aggregations

A
  • large clumps or clusters of lymphoid tissue
  • Peyer’s patches: digestive to small intestine)
  • Appendix: digestive
  • Tonsils: respiratory to pharyngeal, lingual, and palatine tonsils
  • Bronchial nodules: respiratory
112
Q

Spleen

A
  • largest lymphatic organ

- secondary lymphatic organ

113
Q

Spleen functions

A
  • filters blood of foreign organisms and particles
  • eliminates old erythrocytes
  • blood reservoir for platelets
114
Q

White Pulp

A
  • nodules
  • houses mostly lymphocytes (B and T cells) and macrophages
  • stains dark purple due to the many leukocytes
115
Q

Red Pulp

A
  • houses platelets and erythrocytes

- stains a lighter color due to the many erythrocytes (no nuclei)

116
Q

Two regions in Lymph Node

A
  • cortex

- medulla

117
Q

Route through lymph node

A
  • afferent vessels
  • subscapular sinus
  • trabecular sinus
  • medullary sinus
  • efferent vessels
118
Q

Antibody-mediated immunity

A

B cells to plasma cells and memory B cells

119
Q

B Cells

A
  • originate in red bone marrow

- mature and become immunocompetent in red bone marrow

120
Q

Plasma Cells

A

secrete antibodies

121
Q

Memory B Cells

A

aid in fighting foreign body at a future time

122
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

T cells to helper T cells/CD4 T cells, cytotoxic T cells/CD8 T cells, and memory T cells

123
Q

T Cells

A
  • originate in red bone marrow

- mature and become immunocompetent in thymus

124
Q

Helper T cells/ CD4 T cells (Captain)

A

secrete cytokines to help activate other immune cells

125
Q

Cytotoxic T cells/ CD8 T cells (Kill)

A

directly attack and destroy infected cells

126
Q

Memory T Cells

A

aid in fighting foreign body at a future time

127
Q

Tonsillitis

A

inflammation or infection of tonsils

128
Q

Causes of Tonsillitis

A

viral or bacterial

129
Q

Symptoms of Tonsillitis

A

sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes, nasal congestion, difficulty swallowing, headache

130
Q

Treatments for Tonsillitis

A
  • antibiotics

- tonsillectomy

131
Q

Appendicitis

A

inflammation of the appendix

132
Q

Causes of Appendicitis

A

blockage in the lining of appendix that results in infection

133
Q

Symptoms of Appendicitis

A

abdominal pain, fever, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite

134
Q

Treatment for Appendicitis

A

Appendectomy (to avoid risk of appendix rupturing and causing peritonitis which is an infection and inflammation in abdomen or gangrene which is a loss of tissue)

135
Q

Metastasis in Cancer

A
  • spread of cancer from one part of the body to another
  • can occur via blood vessels or lymphatic vessels (cancer cells can squeeze through these vessel walls)
  • secondary tumor sites
  • cancerous vs. enlarged lymph nodes
136
Q

Secondary tumor sites

A

establishments of new tumors where cancer cells are lodged after traveling through lymph or blood

137
Q

Cancerous Lymph nodes

A

enlarged, firm, contender, fixed

138
Q

Enlarged Lymph nodes

A

softer, tender, movable

139
Q

Elephantiasis clinical name

A

lymphatic filariasis

140
Q

Lymphodema

A

tissue swelling

141
Q

Elephantiasis

A

skin/tissue thickening

142
Q

Hydrocele

A

scrotal swelling

143
Q

Treatments are Elephantiasis

A

diethylcarbamazine (DEC), preventative chemotherapy, morbidity management (hygiene, skin care, exercises), vector control (nets, sprays)

144
Q

Endocrine System Functions

A

secretes hormones to cause changes in the activity of target cells and direct cellular activities (maintains homeostasis)

145
Q

Components of the endocrine system

A
  • pineal gland
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid glands
  • thymus
  • adrenal glands
  • pancreas
  • ovaries
  • testes
146
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

secrete hormones into interstitial fluid and blood surrounding the secretory glands

147
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

secrete products into ducts that carry secretions into body cavities, into the lumen of an organ, or to outer surface of body (“external environment”)

ex. sudoriferous (sweat) glands, sebaceous (oil) glands, digestive glands

148
Q

Paracrine

A

acting on neighboring cells

149
Q

Autocrine

A

acting on same cell that secreted molecules

150
Q

Nervous system speed

A

fast-acting, travels short distances

151
Q

Endocrine system speed

A

longer-lasting, travels long distances

152
Q

Mediator molecules (nervous)

A

neurotransmitters released locally in response to nerve impulses

153
Q

Mediator molecules (endocrine)

A

hormones delivered to tissues throughout body by blood

154
Q

Site of mediator action (nervous)

A

close to site of release, at synapse; binds to receptors in postsynaptic membrane

155
Q

Site of mediator action (endocrine)

A

far from site of release (usually); binds to receptors on or in target cells

156
Q

Types of target cells (nervous)

A

muscle (smooth, cardiac, and skeletal) cells, gland cells, other neurons

157
Q

Types of target cells (endocrine)

A

cells throughout body

158
Q

Time to onset of action (nervous)

A

typically within milliseconds (thousandths of a second)

159
Q

Time to onset of action (endocrine)

A

seconds to hours or days

160
Q

Duration of action (nervous)

A

generally briefer (milliseconds)

161
Q

Duration of action (endocrine)

A

generally longer (seconds to days)

162
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • links nervous and endocrine systems
  • regulates pituitary glands
  • secretes at least 9 hormones
163
Q

Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis)

A
  • composed of glandular epithelial tissue
  • makes and secretes 7 hormones (hGh, TSH, FSH, LH, PRL, ACTH, MSH)
  • Hypophyseal portal system
164
Q

Hypophyseal Portal System

A

hypothalamus will secrete hormones into blood that will stimulate or inhibit the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones

165
Q

Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)

A
  • composed of neural tissue
  • stores and releases into blood 2 hormones (ADH, OT)
  • ADH and OT synthesized within cell bodies of hypothalamic neurons, packaged into vesicles, travel down axons into posterior pituitary, and released into blood
166
Q

Human Growth Hormone location

A

cartilage, bone, skeletal muscle, liver, and other body tissues

167
Q

Human Growth Hormone function

A

stimulates secretion of hormones that stimulates body growth and metabolism

168
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone location

A

thyroid gland

169
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone function

A

stimulates growth of thyroid gland and secretion of its hormones

170
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone location

A

testes and ovaries

171
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone function

A
  • Testes: stimulates sperm production

- Ovaries: stimulates oocyte production and estrogen secretion

172
Q

Luteinizing Hormone location

A

testes and ovaries

173
Q

Luteinizing Hormone function

A
  • Testes: stimulates secretion of testosterone

- Ovaries: triggers ovulation and stimulates secretion of estrogen and progesterone

174
Q

Prolactin location

A

mammary gland

175
Q

Prolactin function

A

stimulates production and secretion of milk

176
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone location

A

adrenal cortex

177
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone function

A

stimulates secretion of hormones by adrenal cortex

178
Q

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone location

A

skin

179
Q

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone function

A

darkens skin pigmentation

180
Q

Anti-Diuretic Hormone location

A

kidneys

181
Q

Anti-Diuretic Hormone function

A

decreases water lost in urine by returning water to the blood

182
Q

Oxytocin location

A

uterus and mammary gland

183
Q

Oxytocin function

A

stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection during suckling

184
Q

Thyroxine location

A

follicular cells

185
Q

Thyroxine function

A

increases metabolism and basal metabolic rate (BMR)

186
Q

Triiodothyronine location

A

follicular cells

187
Q

Triiodothyronine location

A

follicular cells

188
Q

Triiodothyronine function

A

increases metabolism and basal metabolic rate (BMR)

189
Q

Calcitonin location

A

parafollicular cells/ C cells

190
Q

Calcitonin function

A

decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclasts

191
Q

Parathyroid Hormone location

A

principal cells

192
Q

Parathyroid Hormone function

A

increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone matrix

193
Q

Aldosterone location

A

Kidneys (zona glomerulosa)

194
Q

Aldosterone function

A

decreases sodium and water loss in urine by returning sodium and water to the blood

195
Q

Cortisol location

A

liver, muscle, and cells involved in body defenses (zone fasciculata)

196
Q

Cortisol function

A

increases resistance to stress, increases blood glucose levels, and decreases inflammation

197
Q

Androgens location

A

uterus, mammary glands, and other body cells involved in secondary sex characteristics (zone reticularis)

198
Q

Androgens function

A

insignificant in males; increases sex drive in females

199
Q

Epinephrine location

A

body cells involved in fight or flight response

200
Q

Epinephrine function

A

promotes fight or flight response

201
Q

Norepinephrine location

A

body cells involved in fight or flight response

202
Q

Norepinephrine function

A

promotes fight or flight response

203
Q

Insulin location

A

beta cells

204
Q

Insulin function

A

decreases blood glucose levels by transporting glucose into body cells

205
Q

Glucagon location

A

liver (alpha cells)

206
Q

Glucagon function

A

increases blood glucose levels by stimulating liver to break down glycogen into glucose

207
Q

Estrogen location

A

uterus, mammary glands, and other body cells involved in female sex characteristics

208
Q

Estrogen function

A

stimulates development of female sex characteristics; helps regulate menstrual cycle

209
Q

Progesterone location

A

uterus, mammary glands, and other body cells involved in female sex characteristics

210
Q

Progesterone function

A

stimulates development of female sex characteristics; helps regulate menstrual cycle

211
Q

Testosterone location

A

testes, muscle, and other body cells involved in male sexual characteristics

212
Q

Testosterone function

A

stimulates development of male sex characteristics; stimulates male sex drive; regulates sperm production

213
Q

Melatonin location

A

brain

214
Q

Melatonin function

A

helps to set biological clock

215
Q

Thymosin location

A

T cells (type of white blood cell involved in immune response)

216
Q

Thymosin function

A

promotes the maturation of T cells for the immune response

217
Q

Negative Feedback

A
  • reverses a change in controlled condition

- hormones released by target glands decrease secretions of their tropic hormones

218
Q

Positive Feedback

A
  • strengthens a change in body’s controlled condition

- adds to or reinforces the initial change in controlled condition

219
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A
  • inability to produce or use insulin
  • insulin unavailable to help transport glucose into cells
  • leads to glycosuria, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
220
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A
  • autoimmune disorder: immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells and little to no insulin is produces
  • insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
  • juvenile DM: affects people younger than age 20
  • diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
221
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A
  • decreased insulin sensitivity: pancreatic beta cells still produce insulin, but insulin receptors on target cells become less sensitive to insulin
  • non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
  • adult onset DM: largely affects people older than 35 (usually obese)
  • hypoglycemia from injecting too much insulin

PSIO 202 (5 decks)

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