Practical 2 Flashcards
pericardial cavity
a narrow space that contains a thin layer of serous fluid. this fluid helps the heart beat without friction.
Pericardium
double layer membrane
Fibrous pericardium
outermost layer of the pericardium . anchors the heart to surrounding structures.
Serous pericardium is composed of which two layers
parietal and visceral pericardium. parietal is outer while visceral is the inner portion attached to the heart muscle.
Epicardium
also known as the visceral pericardium. is considered the outermost layer of the heart wall.
myocardium
the actual muscle of the heart. consist of cardiac muscle tissue and its fibrous skeleton
endocardium
the innermost endocardium is a simple squamous epithelium. inside lining of the heart.
base of the heart
is the top of the heart
apex of the heart
is the bottom of the heart, more pointed section.
anterior interventricular sulcus
located at the front of the heart
posterior intercentricular sulcus
located at the back of the heart
coronary sulcus
located at the back of the heart under the coronary sinus
vena cava (inferior and superior)
is the big vein next to the aortic arch
opening of the coronary sinus
opens into the right atrium
right auricle
covers the right atrium (outside)
interatrial septum
a septum that separates the right atrium and right ventricle and another one separates the left atrium and the left ventricle
pectinate muscles
are the muscles of the inside of the right atrium. when folded back you can see them.
auricle of the left atrium
can be located at the back of the heart (outside)
interventricular septum
the middle septum in the heart
chordae tendinae
white structures “collagenous strings” attached to papillary muscles
trabeculae carneae
The trabeculae carneae (columnae carneae, or meaty ridges), are rounded or irregular muscular columns which project from the inner surface of the right and left ventricles of the heart.
tricuspid valve
is the valve that connects the right atrium and the right ventricle
bicuspid (mitral) valve
the valve that connects the left atrium and left ventricle
pulmonary valve
the valve that opens to the left pulmonary vein
aortic valve
opens to the aortic arch
pulmonary trunk
pulmonary valve opens into this (also a vein)
has right and left pulmonary arteries
ligamentum arteriosum
the ligament that connects the aortic arch and the pulmonary trunk
middle cardiac vein
the vein at the heart
great cardiac vein
the vein at the back of the heart that goes across the back of the heart
coronary sinus
located on the posterior right atrium. drains into the right atrium.
SA node
acts as the initial pacemaker. located upper right atrium
Mediastinum
Area cavity where the heart lies. about the size of a fist.
AV node
located in the lower right atrium. acts as a backup pacemaker
AV bundle
small group of fibers in the lower interatrial septum and upper interventriclar septum
ascending aorta
comes from the heart before the arch
descending aorta
after the arch and away from the heart
left common carotid
middle of the three branches of the arch of aorta (BCS)
brachiocephalic artery
closer to the ascending aorta of the three branches of the aortic arch (BCS)
left subclavian artery
furthest away from the ascending aorta (BCS)
external carotid arteries
supply the head
facial artery
follows along the inside of the nasal bone and down the mandible (labeled 39 on the laid out cut in half human)
common carotid arteries
labeled 34 on the human. runs along the neck and is right beside the thymus gland on the human figure.
internal carotid arteries
are the main supply to the brain
circle of Willis
the arteries consuming the skull. and the function is to unite the brains anterior and posterior blood supply and equalizes blood pressure in these areas, also provides alternate routes for blood to reach brain if the internal carotid or vertebral arteries become blocked.
radial artery
closer to the thumb, inside to body palm down and along the radius.
ulnar artery
along the tibia, away from the thumb. palm side down away from the body.
deep femoral artery
along the femur
what does the right gastric artery supply
the stomach
what does the superior mesenteric artery supply
the pancreas, duodenum and most of the large intestine
what does the suprarenal arteries supply
the adrenal glands
what do the renal arteries supply
the kidneys
what do the gonadal arteries supply
the testicles in males and the ovaries in females
what do the inferior mesenteric artery supply
terminal portion of the colon and rectum
what do the internal iliac arteries supply
pelvis, external genitalia, and urinary bladder
whatt do the femoral arteries supply
the thigh
what do the popliteal arteries supply
the back of the knee
what do the anterior tibial arteries supply
gives rise to dorsalis pedis artery which supplies the ankle and dorsum of the foot
posterior tibial arteries what does it supply
supplies the calf
what do the fibular arteries supply
the lateral side of the leg
superior vena cava drains what
everything above the diaphragm except the heart wall
right and left brachiocephalic veins
join to form the superior vena cava
internal jugular veins drain what
drain the brain
external jugular veins drain what
cranium, face, lower jaw and neck
vertebral veins drain what
cervical spinal cord and posterior skull
inferior vena cava which is the widest vessel in the body drains what
drains blood from all body regions below the diaphragm
hemi-azygous
this is a vein that crosses from left to right around the T8 or T9 vertebrae
inferior vena cava vein drains?
drains the lower body
hepatic portal vein
transports blood from digestive viscera into liver before it can enter the circulation via the hepatic veins. nutrient rich blood is treated in liver then returns to circulation via the hepatic veins.
what do the renal veins drain
the kidney
what do the suprarenal veins drain
they drain the adrenal glands
hepatic veins
carry blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava
four main areas of ausculation
aortic, pulmonary, tricuspid, and mitral
location of aortic auscultation
closer to right arm
location of pulmonary auscultation
closer to left arm
location of tricuspid auscultation
right at the sternum
location of mitral auscultation
right below a boob
what is pulse palpation
any place that allows an artery to be compressed against a bone and this is the equivalent to measuring heart rate
what is a bruit?
a heart murmur
how did we measure capillary refill time?
by pressing our thumb nails to turn white and release to see how long they regained color (took less than one second)
what three factors determine blood pressure
blood volume, blood thickness, and the pressure against your artery walls
what is systolic blood pressure
measures the pressure in your blood vessels when your heart beats (the first number) (120/80)
what is diastolic blood pressure
the bottom number when measuring blood pressure indicates the pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats.(120/80)
what instrument is used to measure blood pressure?
sphygmomanometer
