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anatomy > Practical 2 > Flashcards

Practical 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the components of the upper respiratory system?

A

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, and larynx

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2
Q

parts of the lower respiratory system?

A

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli of lungs

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3
Q

the respiratory part of the tract includes?

A

respiratory bronchioles, and alveoli

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4
Q

what is the surface area for gas exchange in the lungs

A

35 times the surface area of the body

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5
Q

what are the functions of the respiratory system (5)

A
  1. area for gas exchange
  2. protection from dehydration and temp. changes
  3. defense from pathogens
  4. producing sounds
  5. olfactory sensations
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6
Q

cartilages and ligaments of the larynx?

A

Thyroid cartilage: hyaline
Cricoid cartilage: hyaline
Arytenoid cartilage: hyaline
Corniculate cartilage: hyaline
Epiglottis: elastic cartilage

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7
Q

EPIGLOTTIS HISTOLOGY:

A
  • flap of elastic cartilage (center of histo)
  • stratified squamous on superior side (oral side/digestive)
  • pseudostratified ciliated columnar w/ goblet cells on inferior side (respiratory side)
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8
Q

Trachea histology

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar (respiratory epithelium) and hyaline cartilage

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9
Q

where can pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium be found; functions?

A

lining of nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, portions of male reproductive tract; protection and secretion

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10
Q

Esophagus histology

A
  • contains stratified squamous epithelium
  • 3 sections of muscle; top 3rd is skeletal, middle 3rd is a mixture, and bottom 3rd is smooth muscle
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11
Q

esophagus-stomach junction epithelium

A

transitions from stratified squamous in the esophagus to simple columnar in the stomach

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12
Q

what is the lung pleura

A

Parietal and visceral pleura - lined by mesothelial cells that lubricates pleural space in between them

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13
Q

what cells can be found in the lungs

A
  • Alveolar type 1 95% (simple squamous) functions in gas exchange
  • Alveolar type 2 (cuboidal) functions in the secretion of surfactant; can replace type 1 and 2 cells after injury
  • capillary endothelium, simple squamous, makes up walls of capillaries
  • dust cells function as macrophages regulate immune system
  • fibrocytes function in producing connective tissue
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14
Q

olfactory and respiratory epithelium

A

OLFACTORY: specialized for olfaction, Pseudostratified ciliated columnar with olfactory receptor cells.
RESPIRATORY: pseudostratified epithelium, lines much of the respiratory tract (nasopharynx, trachea, bronchi)

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15
Q

what type of receptors do taste buds contain

A

gustatory cells> chemoreceptors

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16
Q

stomach fundus histology

A
  • simple columnar epithelium
  • contains gastric glands
  • has 3 muscle layers
17
Q

what are the cells of the stomach and what do they produce

A

G cells: secrete gastrin in response to food; stimulate parietal cells to secrete HCL; stimulate pepsin from chief cells, stimulates histamine from enterochromaffin cells
Parietal cells: secrete HCL; maintains 0.8 acidic pH; secretes intrinsic factor needed for vitamin B12 absorption
Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen; secretes gastric lipase for fat digestion
Enterochromaffin cells: secrete histamine; binds to H2 receptors on parietal cells to stimulate HCL secretion
D cells: secrete somatostatin which inhibits gastrin and histamine

18
Q

what is the process of activating pepsin

A

G cells secrete Gastrin which stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCL. Chief cells secrete pepsinogen. HCL turns pepsinogen to pepsin.

19
Q

describe the salivary glands

A

parotid - SEROUS fluid (stain deeper purple); found around the ramus of the mandible, the largest gland, outside of the oral cavity, facilitates mastication, swallowing, and digestion of starches

sublingual - thick MUCOUS fluid (stain paler purple), under tongue, produces 5% of saliva

submandibular - beneath lower jaw above Adams apple, produces 70% of saliva, superficial

20
Q

types of taste buds on the tongue

A

fungiform: mushroom-shaped, located on tip and sides of tongue, contain a few taste buds

Filiform: short and spiked, no taste buds, manipulates food, located on anterior two-thirds of tongue surface

Vallate/circumvallate: largest in size, least numerous, contain the most taste buds, located in a row of 10-12 along the posterior dorsal tongue surface

Foliate: leaf-like ridges, not well developed, have few taste buds in early childhood, located on posterior lateral tongue

21
Q

describe the layers of the GI tract

A

mucosa > inner most layer. Has epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa
Submucosa > has glands
Muscularis externa > (inner circular, outer longitudinal, stomach has inner most oblique) smooth muscle
Serosa > outer most layer

22
Q

what do gastric glands in the stomach secrete

A

hydrochloric acid, mucus, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, gastrin, histamine, and bicarbonate

23
Q

describe the tongue

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • skeletal muscle
  • taste buds found on fungiform, vallate, and foliate
  • no tastebuds on filiform
24
Q

how can you tell the difference between the fundus and pylorus

A

The fundus has shallower pits and straight tubular glands. The pylorus has deeper pits and branched glands.

25
Q

the small intestine contains: (folds)

A

plicae circulares with villi and microvilli

26
Q

functions of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

A

duodenum: secretions from the liver and pancreas empty here. contains Brunner’s glands that produce a mucus rich alkaline secretion containing bicarbonate
Jejunum: the majority of nutrients are absorbed here
Ileum: absorption of vitamin B12, bile salts, and products that weren’t absorbed by jejunum. Has Peyer’s patches for immune surveillance

27
Q

function of Brunner’s glands in the duodenum

A
  • protection from acidic chyme
  • enable absorption via alkaline conditions
  • lubrication
28
Q

what are hepatocytes

A

main tissue of the liver, initiates formation and secretion of bile

29
Q

functions of the liver

A
  • protein synthesis
  • production of cholesterol, bile salts, phospholipids, and bile
  • detoxification
30
Q

where do blood and bile flow in the liver

A

in opposite directions
- bile flows from the hepatocytes to the bile collecting ducts
- Blood flows from the hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein to the central vein

31
Q

role/functions of the spleen 4

A
  • removes old red blood cells
  • reserve of blood incase of hemorrhagic shock
  • recycles iron
  • makes antibodies and removes antibody-coated bacteria
32
Q

function of exocrine pancreas

A
  • produce digestive enzymes (pancreatic amylase, trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase)
  • produce bicarbonate (HCO3-)
  • called pancreatic juices
33
Q

what is CCK

A
  • cholecystokinin
  • hormone released by the the duodenum (small intestine)
  • stimulates release of bile into the small intestine and secretion of enzymes by the pancreas

anatomy (17 decks)

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