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anatomy > Cancer pt 1 > Flashcards

Cancer pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what greek word does cancer come from
another way to refer to cancer
what are cancer cells at their core
what does curability depend on

A
  • “karkinoma” = crab
  • neoplasm = new growth
  • human cells that focus on “the good of the cell”
  • type and progression
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2
Q

what are carcinomas 3

A
  • affects epithelial tissue
  • most common, 85%
  • usually form solid tumors
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3
Q

what are sarcomas 2

A
  • Affects connective tissue, muscle, bone
  • Usually form solid tumors
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4
Q

what are lymphomas

do they form tumors

A
  • Cancer of B and T cells (immune system)
  • Can form solid tumors but more rare
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5
Q

what are leukemias 2

A
  • Cancer of blood-forming parts of the bone
  • Do not form solid tumors
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6
Q

what are the 3 types of carcinomas

A
  • Adenocarcinoma – Epithelium with glands/ducts > columnar/cuboidal cells
  • Basal cell carcinoma – Basal cells that produce new skin cells > basement membrane cells
  • Squamous cell carcinoma – Any tissue that has squamous cells
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7
Q

what is adenocarcinoma 3

A
  • Cancer of glandular cells – mostly simple
    cuboidal, simple columnar
  • Almost all kidney and bowel cancers are
    adenocarcinoma
  • Other common locations: breast, pancreas, Prostate, stomach
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8
Q

Aside from tumor formation, fatigue, and pain, what other impacts do GI adenocarcinomas cause 3

A
  • Weight loss
  • Excessive diarrhea
  • Blood in stool/urine
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9
Q

loss of structure =

A

loss of function

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10
Q

describe basal cell carcinoma 5

A
  • Most common type of skin cancer
  • Cancer of stratum basal cells
  • often due to UV exposure
  • most grow slowly and are curable
  • Rarely spread beyond initial tumor site
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11
Q

describe the morphology of BCC

A
  • commonly overlooked > looks like lesions, rashes, scars
  • most are nodular
  • superficial means flat
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12
Q

what are the rarest morphologies of BCC, describe them

A

Morphoeic: white scar tissue that appears shiny
Basosquamous: most rare; hybrid of BCC and SCC, likely to metastasize

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13
Q

what is squamous cell carcinoma 5

A
  • epidermoid carcinoma
  • Affects squamous cells – mostly stratified
    squamous
  • Usually faster growing than BCC and
    adenocarcinoma
  • Most often arise from stratum spinosum
  • Common locations: Skin, mouth,
    esophagus, cervical, vaginal, penile
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14
Q

TYPES OF SARCOMAS: what do each mean
angio
fibro
leiomyo
rhabdomyo
lipo
osteo
synovial
chondro

A

Angiosarcoma - blood/lymph vessels

Fibrosarcoma - tissues that surround ligaments (collagen)

Leiomyosarcomas - smooth muscles

Rhabdomyosarcomas - skeletal muscles

Liposarcomas - adipose cellls

Osteosarcoma – osteoblasts/cytes

Synovial sarcomas - tissues that surround joints

Chondrosarcoma – cartilage cells

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15
Q

why does angiosarcoma require a biopsy

survival rate?

A
  • Initial appearance imitates carcinoma
  • About 35% survival rate
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16
Q

what does fibrosarcoma affect?

survival rate?

A
  • fibrous connective tissue, collagen, ligaments and tendons
  • 40-60% survival rate
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17
Q

implications of angiosarcoma 4

A
  • blood clots (endothelium)
  • thrombi
  • embolisms
  • death/necrosis of nearby tissue bc cells can’t deliver O2
18
Q

implications of fibrosarcoma

A

difficulty in moving the affected area, fibrocytes are everywhere, even the lungs

19
Q

what is leiomyosarcoma?
rare/common?
survival rate?

A
  • smooth muscle
  • Usually more rare
  • if caught early about 68% survival rate
20
Q

what is rhabdomyosarcoma
where does it originate
survival rate

A
  • skeletal muscle
  • mainly originate in the face and neck muscles (higher probability in areas w/ many small muscles)
  • If caught early, about 70-90% survival rate
21
Q

almost all cancers from cardiac (heart) muscle are ____

A
  • cardio-angiosarcoma, tumors are rare
22
Q

implications of leiomyosarcoma 2

A
  • blood in stool/vaginal secretions/urine/vomit
  • weight loss/bloating
23
Q

implications of rhabdomyosarcoma 3

A
  • loss of movement
  • loss of vision
  • difficulty swallowingi
24
Q

implication of cardio-angiosarcoma

A

myocardial infarction (heart attack)

25
Q

what is osteosarcoma
who does it affect more
localized survial rate vs metastisized ?

A
  • cancer of bone tissue (CELLS (osteoblasts/cytes)
  • Occurs most often in children and adolescents (growing)
  • Localized – 70% survival rate
  • Spread = 15% survival rate
26
Q

what is chondrosarcoma
what type of cartilage does it affect

A
  • cancer of cartilage cells
  • Predominately affects hyaline and
    fibrocartilage
27
Q

what is EWINGS sarcoma
common location
defining characteristic

A
  • cancer of STEM cells in bone
  • Most common location = os coxae and end of long bones
  • translocation of genes on chromosome 22 to 11 > Moves part of the EWSR1 gene from 22 to 11
28
Q

what is the EWSR1 gene

A
  • Multifunctional protein involved in gene
    expression, organ development, and mitochondrial function
29
Q

what is liposarcoma

why does it have one of the best prognoses for malignant cancers

A
  • cancer of adipose cells
  • 88-100% survival rate bc tumors are usually encapsulated
30
Q

what is the difference between lipoma and liposarcoma

A
  • Lipoma > benign tumors
  • Liposarcoma > cancerous, can metastasize
31
Q

what is synovial sarcoma
survival rate

A
  • cancer of synovial tissue, near ligaments
  • 65% survival rate
32
Q

what are lymphomas
originates?
tumors?
treatment?

A
  • Cancer of lymphocytes = B and T cells; type of blood cancer
  • Originate in lymph tissues (nodes, spleen, thymus, MALT); Rarely seen in bone marrow
  • Mostly form solid tumors
  • Responds well to treatment, but concern for opportunistic infections
33
Q

what are opportunistic infections

A

viral/bacterial infections that healthy people CAN fight off. Cancer patients can’t

34
Q

what is non-hodgkin lymphoma 3

A
  • usually occurs in older adults
  • Most common type of lymphoma
  • does not have reed sternberg cells
35
Q

another name for hodgkin lymphoma

who does it target

how can you tell its hodgkins vs non

A
  • Hodgkin’s Disease
  • targets young adults
  • presence of Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cells
36
Q

what are reed-sternberg cells 4

A
  • Abnormal B lymphocytes that are much larger than normal
  • Usually contain two nuclei
  • The amount of RSC’s is directly proportional to disease progression
  • Secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines
37
Q

what are the variations of reed-sternberg cells 6

A
  • classical RS cells (2 nuclei)
  • mononuclear varient/hodgkin cell
  • lymphohistiocytic varient (bunched up nuclei)
  • pleomorphic RS cell (multiple separate nuclei)
  • lacunar cell (abnormal cytoplasm)
  • mummified cell (large dark nuclei)
38
Q

what are lukemias 3

A
  • Cancer of blood-forming tissue > Bone marrow and lymph
  • No solid tumor formation (liquid based)
  • 4 types: acute myeloid, chronic myeloid, acute lymphocytic, chronic lymphocytic
39
Q

what is the difference between myeloid and lymphoid

A
  • Myeloid – precursor to macrophages,
    neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, erythrocytes, platelets
  • Lymphoid – precursor to B + T cells
40
Q

LEUKEMIA
- Leukemia interrupts ________
- Acute leukemia is _______
- Chronic leukemia is _______
- Treatment?
- ___% survival rate

A
  • the bodys ability to fight infections, carry oxygen and nutrients, clot blood
  • fatal within months if not treated
  • less severe due to slow growth, harder to treat
  • chemotherapy, radiation therapy, bone marrow transplant
  • 65%
41
Q

what are the impacts of CANCER 4

A
  • Organ failure
  • competition for space and nutrients
  • inflammation
  • opportunistic infections

anatomy (17 decks)

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