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General Biology II Lab > Practical 1 study flashcards > Flashcards

Practical 1 study flashcards

1
Q

Hardy-Weinberg principle vs equilibrium definition

A

principle stating that the genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of disturbing factors.

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2
Q

What Hardy-Weinberg principle vs equilibrium can do

A

It can find the percentages of what percentages of the population would be homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive or heterozygous (allele frequencies)

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3
Q

Five assumptions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium that has to happen for it to occur

A

Random mating
No natural selection
No genetic drift
No gene flow
No mutation

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4
Q

Hardy-Weinberg equations

A

p + q = 1
p^2 + 2pq + q^2

p = dominant genes
q = recessive genes

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5
Q

What Hardy weinberg equation you need to use to find allele frequency

A

p + q = 1

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6
Q

What hardy-weinberg equation to find percentages of individual phenotypes

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2

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7
Q

Allelic vs genotype frequencies

A

Genotype frequency: How common a single phenotype occurs across a single population

Allele frequency: Percentage of all copies of a particular gene in a population carrying a specific allele

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8
Q

Plesiomorphic traits

A

Plesiomorphic: Primitive or ancestral trait

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8
Q

How to do Chi Square

A
  1. Subtract # of categories by 1 (this will get you the degrees of freedom)
  2. Use Df and significance level (will be given) to get the critical value)
  3. Use the formula (O - E)^2/E to get the chi square value
  4. Reject hypothesis if the chi square value is greater than the critical value and if it less do not reject
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9
Q

Cladogram

A

Graphic display of phylogenetic relations among different organisms

Root: The very start of the cladogram

Node: Point from which branches of clade descend. Represents hypothetical last common ancestor of the clade

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10
Q

Apomorphic trait

A

Apomorphy: Evolutionary change, specialized derived trait

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11
Q

Synapmorphy

A

Apomorphy or derived trait shared by two or more taxa

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12
Q

Homology vs Homoplasy

A

Homology: Inheriting the same thing from a common ancestor

Homoplasy: Similar structure or other feature in different species NOT due to common ancestry but independently evolved

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13
Q

Domains of bacteria

A

Archaea and eubacteria

Characteristic: All are prokaryotic

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14
Q

Margins of bacterial colonies

A

Round, Curled, Wavy, lobate, filamentous

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14
Q

Shapes of bacterial colonies

A

Circular, Irregular, Filamentous, Rhizoid, Punctiform

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15
Q

Surface of bacterial colonies

A

Smooth
Concentric
Wrinkled
Contared

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16
Q

How to differentiate bacteria and fungi

A

Appearance of fungal colonies are more fuzzy

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17
Q

3 bacterial cell shapes

A

Bacillus (rod-shaped)
Coccus (spherical-shaped)
Spirillum (spiral-shaped)

Bascillus and Cocci are gram positive

Spirillum is gram negative

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18
Q

Gram stain

A

Tests for peptidoglycan

Positive - blue/purple

Negative - pink/red

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18
Q

Difference between gram negative and gram positive

A

Gram-negative bacteria is surrounded by a thin peptidoglycan cell wall

Gram-positive bacteria lack an outer membrane but are surrounded by layers of thick peptidoglycan

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19
Q

How to do a gram stain

A
  1. Flood slide with methylal
  2. Add smear
  3. Cover stain with four drops of crystal violet then wait one min
  4. Rinse the stain gently into the staining pan with water from the squirt bottle
  5. Add iodine gram for 1 min so the stain can set
  6. Rinse with water again

7.Destain with 95% alcohol/acetone mixture down the slanted slide one drop at a time
> Continue adding drops until only a faint violet color
8. Rinse immediately with water squirt bottle

  1. Cover with Sarafina for 30-60 sec

It is gram positive if on step 7 if the stain does not destain and stays blue/purple and on step 9 when it is not affected by the safranin

It is gram negative if on step 7 the crystal violet stain is removed and on step 8 the saffron is stained a pink/red color

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20
Q

Four Supergroups of Protists

A

Excavata, SAR, Unikonta, Archaeplastida

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21
Q

Excavata

A

Clade: Euglenozoans

Notable protists: Euglena is included in this supergroup

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21
SAR
Clade: Stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians
22
Strameophiles
Protists within this clade: Diatoms, brown algae, water mold (saprolegnia)
23
Alveolates
Notable protists in this clade Paramecia, dinoflagellates, plasmodium
24
Rhizarians
Protists in this clade Foraminiferans and radiolarians
25
Amoebozoans
Protists within this clade Amoeba Physarum Dictyostelium
26
Red algae
Protists within this clade Porphyta
27
Green algae
Protists within this clade Chlorophytes Charophytes
28
Euglena Supergroup: Excavata Clade: Euglenozoans Autotroph Economic importance: Used as model organism for studying photosynthesis
29
Diatoms Supergroup: SAR Clade: Stramenopiles Autotroph Economic importance: Major component of plankton
30
Brown algae Supergroup: SAR Clade: Stramenopiles Autotroph Important visible structures: cilia, flagella and psedopods Economic importance: Used as food source (seaweed)
30
Water mold (saprolegnia) Supergroup: SAR Clade: Stramenopiles Heterotroph Important visible structures: cilia, flagella and pseudopods Economic importance Some species are pathogens of fish and other aquatic organisms, causing significant economic losses in aquaculture.
31
Paramecia Supergroup: SAR Clade: Alveolates Heterotroph Important visible structures: cilia, flagella and pseudopods Economic importance: Model organisms in biological research
32
Dinoflagellates Supergroup: SAR Clade: Alveolates Both autotroph or heterotrophic Important visible structures: cilia, flagella and pseudopods Economic importance: : Some species are important primary producers in marine ecosystems, while others can cause harmful algal blooms (red tides) which have negative impacts on fisheries and ecosystems.
33
Plasmodium Supergroup: SAR Clade: Alveolates Heterotroph Important visible structures: cilia, flagella and pseudopods Economic importance: Causes malaria in humans and other animals, leading to significant health and economic burdens in affected regions.
34
Foraminiferans Supergroup: SAR Clade: Rhizarians Heterotroph Important visible structures: cilia, flagella and pseudopods Economic importance: Important contributors to marine sediments and ecosystems, used in paleoceanography and biostratigraphy.
35
Radiolarians Supergroup: SAR Clade: Rhizarians Heterotroph Important visible structures: cilia, flagella and pseudopods Economic importance: Important contributors to marine sediments and ecosystems
36
Amoeba Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: Amoebozoans Heterotroph Important visible structures: cilia, flagella and pseudopods Economic importance: Important in various ecological processes as consumers of bacteria and other microorganisms.
37
Physarum Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: Amoebozoans Heterotroph Important visible structures: cilia, flagella and pseudopods Economic importance: Used as a model organism in studies of cell biology, genetics, and behavior.
38
Rhodophyta Supergroup: Archaeplastida Clade: Red algae Autotroph Important visible structures: cilia, flagella and pseudopods
39
Charophyta Supergroup: Archaeplastida Clade: Green algae Autotroph or heterotroph Important visible structures: cilia, flagella and pseudopods Economic importance: important contributors to aquatic ecosystems, used in ecological research, and some species are consumed by humans.
40
Chlorophyta Supergroup: Archaeplastida Clade: Green algae Autotroph Important visible structures: cilia, flagella and pseudopods Economic importance: Used in research, as a food source, and in various industrial applications including biofuel production and wastewater treatment.
41
Phylum/division of this vascular plant
Mosses: Phylum Bryophyta (Bryophytes) Nonvascular plants
42
Liverworts: Phylum Marchantiophyta (Hepatophyta) Nonvascular plant Has Gemmae Cups and Thallus
43
Club mosses: Phylum Lycophyta (Lycophytes) Vascular plant Has strobili
44
Ferns Phylum Pteridophyta (Pteridophytes) Vascular plants Has Sori
45
Horsetails: Phylum Equisetophyta (Equisetophytes) Vascular plant The stems are horsetail Has strobili at the top with sporangia inside
46
Whisk Ferns: Phylum Psilotophyta (Psilotophytes) Small spherical structures on stems are sporangia
47
Thallus Found in liverworts
48
Gemmae cup
48
Strobili Found in club mosses
49
sporophytes, gametophytes, antheridia and archegonia
50
Sori Found in ferns
51
What is the dominant life stage in non-vascular plants
In non-vascular plants like mosses and liverworts, the dominant life stage is the haploid gametophyte.
51
What is the dominant life stage in vascular plants
In vascular plants (seedless vascular plants like ferns and seed plants like gymnosperms and angiosperms), the dominant life stage is typically the diploid sporophyte.
51
Life cycle of moss
Alternates between haploid gametophyte and the diploid sporophyte, called the alternation of generation
52
What stages are haploid and diploid in alternation of generations
Gametophyte: Haploid Sporophyte: Diploid
52
How does meiosis and mitosis generate the gametes or spores
Gametes are produced through mitosis in gametophytes Spores are produced through meiosis in sporophytes
53
Life cycle of ferns
The life cycle of the fern has two different stages; sporophyte, which releases spores, gametophyte, which releases gametes.
54
Vascular plants
Ferns, horsetails, and club mosses
55
How does the sperm reach the egg for vascular plants
The sperm is flagellated and reaches the egg by water
56
How does the sperm reach the egg for nonvascular plants
Released from specialized structures called anthredia and swim through a film of water to reach the egg in the archegonium

General Biology II Lab (2 decks)

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