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General Biology II Lab > Practical 1 study flashcards > Flashcards

Practical 1 study flashcards

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1
Q

Hardy-Weinberg principle vs equilibrium definition

A

principle stating that the genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of disturbing factors.

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2
Q

What Hardy-Weinberg principle vs equilibrium can do

A

It can find the percentages of what percentages of the population would be homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive or heterozygous (allele frequencies)

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3
Q

Five assumptions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium that has to happen for it to occur

A

Random mating
No natural selection
No genetic drift
No gene flow
No mutation

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4
Q

Hardy-Weinberg equations

A

p + q = 1
p^2 + 2pq + q^2

p = dominant genes
q = recessive genes

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5
Q

What Hardy weinberg equation you need to use to find allele frequency

A

p + q = 1

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6
Q

What hardy-weinberg equation to find percentages of individual phenotypes

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2

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7
Q

Allelic vs genotype frequencies

A

Genotype frequency: How common a single phenotype occurs across a single population

Allele frequency: Percentage of all copies of a particular gene in a population carrying a specific allele

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8
Q

Plesiomorphic traits

A

Plesiomorphic: Primitive or ancestral trait

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8
Q

How to do Chi Square

A
  1. Subtract # of categories by 1 (this will get you the degrees of freedom)
  2. Use Df and significance level (will be given) to get the critical value)
  3. Use the formula (O - E)^2/E to get the chi square value
  4. Reject hypothesis if the chi square value is greater than the critical value and if it less do not reject
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9
Q

Cladogram

A

Graphic display of phylogenetic relations among different organisms

Root: The very start of the cladogram

Node: Point from which branches of clade descend. Represents hypothetical last common ancestor of the clade

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10
Q

Apomorphic trait

A

Apomorphy: Evolutionary change, specialized derived trait

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11
Q

Synapmorphy

A

Apomorphy or derived trait shared by two or more taxa

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12
Q

Homology vs Homoplasy

A

Homology: Inheriting the same thing from a common ancestor

Homoplasy: Similar structure or other feature in different species NOT due to common ancestry but independently evolved

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13
Q

Domains of bacteria

A

Archaea and eubacteria

Characteristic: All are prokaryotic

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14
Q

Margins of bacterial colonies

A

Round, Curled, Wavy, lobate, filamentous

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14
Q

Shapes of bacterial colonies

A

Circular, Irregular, Filamentous, Rhizoid, Punctiform

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15
Q

Surface of bacterial colonies

A

Smooth
Concentric
Wrinkled
Contared

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16
Q

How to differentiate bacteria and fungi

A

Appearance of fungal colonies are more fuzzy

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17
Q

3 bacterial cell shapes

A

Bacillus (rod-shaped)
Coccus (spherical-shaped)
Spirillum (spiral-shaped)

Bascillus and Cocci are gram positive

Spirillum is gram negative

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18
Q

Gram stain

A

Tests for peptidoglycan

Positive - blue/purple

Negative - pink/red

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18
Q

Difference between gram negative and gram positive

A

Gram-negative bacteria is surrounded by a thin peptidoglycan cell wall

Gram-positive bacteria lack an outer membrane but are surrounded by layers of thick peptidoglycan

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19
Q

How to do a gram stain

A
  1. Flood slide with methylal
  2. Add smear
  3. Cover stain with four drops of crystal violet then wait one min
  4. Rinse the stain gently into the staining pan with water from the squirt bottle
  5. Add iodine gram for 1 min so the stain can set
  6. Rinse with water again

7.Destain with 95% alcohol/acetone mixture down the slanted slide one drop at a time
> Continue adding drops until only a faint violet color
8. Rinse immediately with water squirt bottle

  1. Cover with Sarafina for 30-60 sec

It is gram positive if on step 7 if the stain does not destain and stays blue/purple and on step 9 when it is not affected by the safranin

It is gram negative if on step 7 the crystal violet stain is removed and on step 8 the saffron is stained a pink/red color

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20
Q

Four Supergroups of Protists

A

Excavata, SAR, Unikonta, Archaeplastida

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21
Q

Excavata

A

Clade: Euglenozoans

Notable protists: Euglena is included in this supergroup

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21
Q

SAR

A

Clade: Stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians

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22
Q

Strameophiles

A

Protists within this clade: Diatoms, brown algae, water mold (saprolegnia)

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23
Q

Alveolates

A

Notable protists in this clade
Paramecia, dinoflagellates, plasmodium

24
Q

Rhizarians

A

Protists in this clade
Foraminiferans and radiolarians

25
Q

Amoebozoans

A

Protists within this clade
Amoeba
Physarum
Dictyostelium

26
Q

Red algae

A

Protists within this clade
Porphyta

27
Q

Green algae

A

Protists within this clade
Chlorophytes
Charophytes

28
Q
A

Euglena

Supergroup: Excavata
Clade: Euglenozoans
Autotroph
Economic importance: Used as model organism for studying photosynthesis

29
Q
A

Diatoms

Supergroup: SAR
Clade: Stramenopiles
Autotroph
Economic importance: Major component of plankton

30
Q
A

Brown algae

Supergroup: SAR
Clade: Stramenopiles
Autotroph
Important visible structures: cilia, flagella and psedopods
Economic importance: Used as food source (seaweed)

30
Q
A

Water mold (saprolegnia)

Supergroup: SAR
Clade: Stramenopiles
Heterotroph
Important visible structures: cilia, flagella and pseudopods
Economic importance Some species are pathogens of fish and other aquatic organisms, causing significant economic losses in aquaculture.

31
Q
A

Paramecia

Supergroup: SAR
Clade: Alveolates
Heterotroph
Important visible structures: cilia, flagella and pseudopods
Economic importance: Model organisms in biological research

32
Q
A

Dinoflagellates

Supergroup: SAR
Clade: Alveolates
Both autotroph or heterotrophic
Important visible structures: cilia, flagella and pseudopods
Economic importance: : Some species are important primary producers in marine ecosystems, while others can cause harmful algal blooms (red tides) which have negative impacts on fisheries and ecosystems.

33
Q
A

Plasmodium

Supergroup: SAR
Clade: Alveolates
Heterotroph
Important visible structures: cilia, flagella and pseudopods
Economic importance: Causes malaria in humans and other animals, leading to significant health and economic burdens in affected regions.

34
Q
A

Foraminiferans

Supergroup: SAR
Clade: Rhizarians
Heterotroph
Important visible structures: cilia, flagella and pseudopods
Economic importance: Important contributors to marine sediments and ecosystems, used in paleoceanography and biostratigraphy.

35
Q
A

Radiolarians

Supergroup: SAR
Clade: Rhizarians
Heterotroph
Important visible structures: cilia, flagella and pseudopods
Economic importance: Important contributors to marine sediments and ecosystems

36
Q
A

Amoeba

Supergroup: Unikonta
Clade: Amoebozoans
Heterotroph
Important visible structures: cilia, flagella and pseudopods
Economic importance: Important in various ecological processes as consumers of bacteria and other microorganisms.

37
Q
A

Physarum

Supergroup: Unikonta
Clade: Amoebozoans
Heterotroph
Important visible structures: cilia, flagella and pseudopods
Economic importance: Used as a model organism in studies of cell biology, genetics, and behavior.

38
Q
A

Rhodophyta

Supergroup: Archaeplastida
Clade: Red algae
Autotroph
Important visible structures: cilia, flagella and pseudopods

39
Q
A

Charophyta

Supergroup: Archaeplastida
Clade: Green algae
Autotroph or heterotroph
Important visible structures: cilia, flagella and pseudopods
Economic importance: important contributors to aquatic ecosystems, used in ecological research, and some species are consumed by humans.

40
Q
A

Chlorophyta

Supergroup: Archaeplastida
Clade: Green algae
Autotroph
Important visible structures: cilia, flagella and pseudopods
Economic importance: Used in research, as a food source, and in various industrial applications including biofuel production and wastewater treatment.

41
Q

Phylum/division of this vascular plant

A

Mosses: Phylum Bryophyta (Bryophytes)

Nonvascular plants

42
Q
A

Liverworts: Phylum Marchantiophyta (Hepatophyta)

Nonvascular plant

Has Gemmae Cups and Thallus

43
Q
A

Club mosses: Phylum Lycophyta (Lycophytes)

Vascular plant

Has strobili

44
Q
A

Ferns

Phylum Pteridophyta (Pteridophytes)

Vascular plants

Has Sori

45
Q
A

Horsetails: Phylum Equisetophyta (Equisetophytes)

Vascular plant

The stems are horsetail
Has strobili at the top with sporangia inside

46
Q
A

Whisk Ferns: Phylum Psilotophyta (Psilotophytes)

Small spherical structures on stems are sporangia

47
Q
A

Thallus

Found in liverworts

48
Q
A

Gemmae cup

48
Q
A

Strobili

Found in club mosses

49
Q
A

sporophytes, gametophytes, antheridia and archegonia

50
Q
A

Sori

Found in ferns

51
Q

What is the dominant life stage in non-vascular plants

A

In non-vascular plants like mosses and liverworts, the dominant life stage is the haploid gametophyte.

51
Q

What is the dominant life stage in vascular plants

A

In vascular plants (seedless vascular plants like ferns and seed plants like gymnosperms and angiosperms), the dominant life stage is typically the diploid sporophyte.

51
Q

Life cycle of moss

A

Alternates between haploid gametophyte and the diploid sporophyte, called the alternation of generation

52
Q

What stages are haploid and diploid in alternation of generations

A

Gametophyte: Haploid
Sporophyte: Diploid

52
Q

How does meiosis and mitosis generate the gametes or spores

A

Gametes are produced through mitosis in gametophytes

Spores are produced through meiosis in sporophytes

53
Q

Life cycle of ferns

A

The life cycle of the fern has two different stages; sporophyte, which releases spores,
gametophyte, which releases gametes.

54
Q

Vascular plants

A

Ferns, horsetails, and club mosses

55
Q

How does the sperm reach the egg for vascular plants

A

The sperm is flagellated and reaches the egg by water

56
Q

How does the sperm reach the egg for nonvascular plants

A

Released from specialized structures called anthredia and swim through a film of water to reach the egg in the archegonium

General Biology II Lab (2 decks)

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