Practical 1

Question 1

Chi-square test

Answer 1

A statistical test used to determine whether your experimentally observed results are consistent with your hypothesis

Question 2

G1, G2, and S are collectively called ___.

Answer 2

Interphase

Question 3

Preparation for cell division begins in the ___ phase.

Answer 3

G1

Question 4

In the ___ phase, the chromosomes are replicated, transforming each chromosome do it has two sister chromatids.

Answer 4

S

Question 5

Sister chromatids are linked together at the ___ and are considered a single chromosome.

Answer 5

Centromere

Question 6

The ___ proteins, at the centromere, help hold the sister chromatids together.

Answer 6

Kinetochore

Question 7

Mitosis phases

Answer 7

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Question 8

During ___ the nuclear membrane dissociates and the chromosomes condense.

Answer 8

Prophase

Question 9

The interaction of the spindle fibers with the chromosomes occurs during ___.

Answer 9

Prometaphase

Question 10

___ occurs when the chromosomes align along a central plate called the ___ ___.

Answer 10

Metaphase

Metaphase plate

Question 11

The sorting of the chromosomes occurred during ___, when the connection between the sister chromatids breaks.

Answer 11

Anaphase

Question 12

When the cells reach opposite sides of the cell, they begin to decondense. This marks the start of ___.

Answer 12

Telophase

Question 13

Following telophase, the cell proceeds into ___.

Answer 13

Cytokinesis

Question 14

In animal cells this involves the use of a __ ___.

Answer 14

Cleavage furrow

Question 15

In plant cells this involves the use of a ___ ___.

Answer 15

Cell plate

Question 16

Meiosis phases

Answer 16

Interphase 
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II

Question 17

The first stage of prophase I is ___.

Answer 17

Leptotene

Question 18

What happens during leptotene?

Answer 18

The chromosomes start to condense, forming threadlike structures

Question 19

During the second stage, called ___, the homologous chromosomes recognize each other by a process known as synapsis.

Answer 19

Zygotene

Question 20

Just prior to the third stage, ___, the process of crossing over occurs between non-sister chromatids in the bivalent.

Answer 20

Pachytene

Question 21

The site of crossing over is called the ___.

Answer 21

Chiasma

Question 22

In the fourth stage, called ___, the synaptonemal complex has disappeared.

Answer 22

Diplotene

Question 23

The individual chromatids are usually visible at this point, and the structure is called a ___.

Answer 23

Tetrad

Question 24

By the last stage, ___, the synaptonemal complex has completely disappeared.

Answer 24

Diakinesis

Question 25

The purpose of sexual reproduction is to produce gametes, a process known as ___.

Answer 25

Gametogenesis

Question 26

In male animals, the formation of the sperm, called ___, occurs in the testes.

Answer 26

Spermatogenesis

Question 27

___ is the formation of the egg cells.

Answer 27

Oogenesis

Question 28

The haploid generation is called the ___ and the diploid generation is called the ___.

Answer 28

Gametophyte; sporophyte

Question 29

The process of meiosis produces haploid cells called ___, which then divide by mitosis to produce the gametophyte.

Answer 29

Spores

Question 30

For most higher plants, the dominant stage is the ___ stage.

Answer 30

Sporophyte

Question 31

Gametogenesis in higher plants occurs in the ___ and ___.

Answer 31

Anthers and ovaries

Question 32

Double fertilization

Answer 32

One of the sperm cells fertilizes the polar nuclei, forming a 3n endosperm. The other sperm cell enters the egg cell, forming a diploid zygote.

Question 33

___ is the likelihood that and event will occur

Answer 33

Probability

Question 34

The ___ ___ can be used to predict the occurrence of mutually exclusive events

Answer 34

Sum rule

Question 35

The ___ ___ can be used to predict the probability of independent events

Answer 35

Product rule

Question 36

The ___ ___ ___ can be used to predict the probability of an unordered combination of events

Answer 36

Binomial expansion equation

Question 37

___ ___ occurs when two alleles produce an intermediate phenotype

Answer 37

Incomplete dominance

Question 38

___ occurs when heterozygotes have superior traits

Answer 38

Overdominance

Question 39

Codominance

Answer 39

Two different alleles that are both completely expressed in a heterozygous individual

Question 40

Psuedodominance

Answer 40

False dominance

A recessive trait mimics a dominant pattern

Question 41

Law of segregation

Answer 41

Two copies of a gene segregate from each other during transmission from parent to offspring

Question 42

Law of independent assortment

Answer 42

Two different genes randomly assort their alleles during the formation of haploid reproductive cells

Question 43

Turner syndrome

Answer 43

Female X

Question 44

Kinefelter syndrome

Answer 44

XXY

Question 45

Trisomy X

Answer 45

XXX

Question 46

Jacob syndrome

Answer 46

XYY

Question 47

What allows us to determine the likelihood that the variation indicated by the chi square calculation is due to random chance alone?

Answer 47

P values

Question 48

Degrees of freedom is..

Answer 48

The measure of the number of categories in the experiment that are independent of one another