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Genetics Lab > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Binary fission

A

Asexual reproduction

Bacteria replicates DNA

Divides into 2 cells with equal amount of DNA

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2
Q

Conjugation

A
  • transfer of genetic material between two bacteria cells through a cytoplasmic connection
  • a plasmid or piece of the bacterial chromosome can be passed
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3
Q

Transduction

A
  • gene exchange that takes place when a virus carries a gene from one bacteria to another
  • foreign DNA can recombine with the bacterial chromosome
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4
Q

Transformation

A

Bacteria takes up DNA or a plasmid directly from the environment through the cell membrane

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5
Q

Competent cell

A

Bacteria capable of taking up DNA from its environment

Permeable membrane

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6
Q

Transformant

A

Cell that has received genetic information through transformation

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7
Q

Not all bacteria are ___.

A

Competent

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8
Q

Factors of transformation:

A
  • starvation
  • cell density
  • temperature
  • chemicals
  • electrical pulses
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9
Q

Plasmids

A
  • small, circular DNA molecules
  • maintained independent of extrachromosomal entities
  • easily incorporate foreign DNA
  • readily taken up by bacterial cells
  • act as vectors - move genes from one cell to another
  • has a sequence that functions as origin of DNA replication
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10
Q

Vectors

A
  • ability to replicate independently of host cell
  • recognition sequence for a restriction enzyme (cloning site)
  • one or more selectable/reporter genes
  • small size in comparison with hosts chromosomes
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11
Q

Plasmids have all of the characteristics that ___ have.

A

Vectors

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12
Q

Cloning site

A

Recognition sequence for a restriction enzyme

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13
Q

GFP

A

Green fluorescent protein

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14
Q

Bioluminescent jellyfish

A

Aeqorea Victoria

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15
Q

pGLO plasmid contains two genes:

A
  • gene that codes for GFP

- gene resistant to ampicillin

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16
Q

Beta-lactamase

A
  • provides resistance to antibiotic ampicillin

- produced and secreted by bacteria that contain the plasmid

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17
Q

Only transformed bacteria that contain the GFP plasmid and express ___ can survive on images with ampicillin.

A

Beta-lactamase

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18
Q

Transformation solution

A

50mM CaCl2

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19
Q

Heat shock transformation

A

Heat shock - increasing permeability of the cell membrane to DNA, bacteria cell accepts plasmid

Quench on ice - stops reaction and allows cells to return to normal state

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20
Q

LB nutrient broth

A
  • extract of yeast and enzymatic digest of meat byproducts
  • transformed cells grow and repair
  • plasmid genes start expressing
21
Q

Optimal temperature for bacterial growth

A

37C

22
Q

pGLO expressed when ___ is present.

A

Arabinose

23
Q

Arabinose

A

Simple sugar, source of carbon and energy

24
Q

Genes that make ___ ___ that break down arabinose are NOT expressed when arabinose is NOT present.

A

Digestive enzymes

25
Q

Arabinose initiates transcription of genes by…

A

Promoting binding of RNA polymerase

26
Q

Cells transformed with pGLO and grown in presence of arabinose will glow green when subjected to ___.

A

UV light

27
Q

Arabinose absent -

A

Transformed cells with pGLO will be white

28
Q

___ ___ cut DNA at specific locations.

A

Restriction enzymes

29
Q

Palindromes -

A

Associated sites

Read same 5’ to 3’ and 3’ to 5’

30
Q

Restriction sites are typically how long?

A

4-6 base pairs

31
Q

Some create ___ ends.

A

Blunt

32
Q

Which 3 create sticky ends?

A

EcoRI
HindIII
Pstl

33
Q

Bacteriophage lambda consists primarily of a head, which..

A

Contains the genomic DNA

34
Q

Lambda tail that is involved in..

A

Phage attachment to bacterial cells

35
Q

What causes the DNA to move toward the positive end of the system?

A

The negative charges on the DNA phosphate groups

36
Q

Which move faster: small or long fragments?

A

Small fragments

37
Q

What do we use to stain the gel?

A

Sybr safe
Fast blast
Ethidian bromide

38
Q

What is the source of restriction endonucleases?

A

Bacteria, they use them to protect themselves from phages

39
Q

Why don’t they cut up the bacterial DNA?

A

Because it is methylated by methylases

40
Q

What damage does UV cause?

A

Thymine binds and creates pirimidine dimers

41
Q

How is this mutation repaired?

A

Light repair, photo reactivation

42
Q

___ ___ protect bacteria from foreign DNA.

A

Restriction enzymes

43
Q

Bacteria protect themselves from restriction enzymes with ..

A

Methyl groups

44
Q

Purpose of loading dye

A

Gives a visual

Weighs DNA to bottom of well

45
Q

Running buffer

A

TAE

46
Q

Sybr green is more ___ efficient.

A

Cost

47
Q

Ethidian bromide

A

Carcigen

Gives better results

48
Q

Can you have transformed colony that didn’t get desired gene?

A

Yes, can get plasmid, but plasmid won’t get gene.

Genetics Lab (2 decks)

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