Practical #1

Question 1

Answer 1

Right Ventricle

Question 2

Answer 2

Left Ventricle

Question 3

Answer 3

Right Atrium

Question 4

Posterior-Lateral View

Answer 4

Left Atrium

Question 5

Answer 5

Aorta

Question 6

Answer 6

Pulmonary Trunk

Question 7

Answer 7

Superior Vena Cava

Question 8

Answer 8

Inferior Vena Cava

Question 9

Answer 9

Pulmonary Veins

Question 10

Answer 10

Pulmonary Valve

Question 11

Answer 11

Aortic Valve

Question 12

Answer 12

Mitral Valve (left AV)

Question 13

Answer 13

Tricuspid Valve (right AV)

Question 14

Answer 14

Papillary Muscle

Question 15

Answer 15

Chordae tendineae

Question 16

Answer 16

Interventricular Septum

Question 17

Answer 17

Right Coronary Artery. comes off of aorta right above aortic valve

Question 18

Answer 18

Left Coronary Artery. Comes off aorta right above valve.

Question 19

Answer 19

Coronary Sinus. “connects” with the right atrium and lies in the AV groove posteriorly.

Question 20

Smooth muscle that forms ridges in the heart. Easy to see in the atria.

Answer 20

Trabeculae carneae

Question 21

First Heart Sound

Answer 21

Due to the closing of the AV valves which happens just as the ventricles start to contract.

Question 22

Second Heart Sound

Answer 22

Due to the closing of the aorta and pulmonary valves and occurs as the ventricles begin to relax.

Question 23

Murmurs Due to Valves

Answer 23

Turbulence. Stenosis is when valves do not open properly. Insufficiency is when valves do not close properly.

Question 24

Where do you hear the aortic valve?

Answer 24

Right of the sternum in the 2nd intercostal space.

Question 25

Where do you hear the pulmonary valve?

Answer 25

Same level as the aortic just to the left of the sternum in the 2nd intercostal space.

Question 26

Where do you hear the left AV valve?

Answer 26

5th left intercostal space near the heart apendex (just below the nipple)

Question 27

Where do you hear the right AV valve?

Answer 27

4th left intercostal space next to the sternum.

Question 28

AV stenosis - Diastolic or Systolic?

Answer 28

Diastolic

Question 29

AV insufficiency - Diastolic or Systolic?

Answer 29

Systolic

Question 30

Aortic or pulmonary stenosis - Diastolic or Systolic?

Answer 30

Systolic

Question 31

Aortic or pulmonary insufficiency - Diastolic or Systolic?

Answer 31

Diastolic

Question 32

cuff to measure systolic and diastolic blood pressure

Answer 32

sphygmomanometer

Question 33

turbulent vs laminar flow

Answer 33

laminar flow makes no noise. turbulent flow is what you hear.

Question 34

Pulse Pressure

Answer 34

Difference between systolic and diastolic. = SP-DP.

Question 35

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

Answer 35

average pressure over the entire cardiac cycle. = DP + 1/3PP (pulse pressure). Estimate.

Question 36

auscultatory gap

Answer 36

period of time where sounds are inaudible just below the systolic level when measuring blood pressure. Common in elderly and hypertensive.

Question 37

Oscillometric Devices

Answer 37

Use the twitching of the needle when measuring blood pressure. Measures the waveform of the pressure fluctuations.

Question 38

claudication

Answer 38

pain on walking due to arterial disease.

Question 39

Ankle-Brachial index

Answer 39

measure systolic pressure in lower legs using the posterior tibial artery or the dorsalis pedis artery. The ankle-brachial index is the systolic pressure in the ankle divided by the systolic pressure in the brachial artery. Want a ratio above 1.0

Question 40

ECG

Answer 40

As action potential spreads over the heart towards thte second lead it becomes more positive and as it moves away it becomes more negative. Standard Lead II: recording axis runs from the right shoulder to the left hip

Question 41

Mean Electrical Axis

Answer 41

Draw vector to determine the degree of the heart. Negative degrees indicate left ventricular hypertrophy or left bundle block. Positive degrees over 90 indicate right ventricular hypertrophy or right bundle branch block.

Question 42

Answer 42

Arteries 1. ascending aorta 2. aortic arch. 3. left subclavian 4. Don't need to know. 5. left common carotid 6. brachiocephalic 7. right common carotid 8. don't need to know 9. right subclavian. Veins 1. Superior vena cava 2. left subclavian 3. left external jugular 4. left internal jugular 5. right internal jugular 6. right external jugular 7. right subclavian

Question 43

Renal artery/vein

Answer 43

Vein: T at the top of the gonadal on the left side only. connects to the descending vena cava. Artery is just above the vein and slightly deep

Question 44

Popliteal artery/vein

Answer 44

only seen on prone cadaver and is behind the knee. vein and artery present.

Question 45

dorsalis pedis

Answer 45

only artery in foot. seen on supinated cadaver and is on medial part of foot.

Question 46

Superficial veins

Answer 46

1. basilic: stringy thing on inside of arm not connected to muscle. 2. cephalic: stringy thing on outside running along deltoid and biceps 3. greater saphenous: inside of thigh and stringy. more medial than the femoral group.

Question 47

Answer 47

Brain 1. anterior cerebral arteries 2. anterior communicating artery 3. pretend that is the middle cerebral arteries 4. internal carotid arteries 5. posterior communicating arteries 6. basilar artery 7. vertebral arteries

Question 48

Sinuses on the brains

Answer 48

Superior sagittal sinus, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus

Question 49

pleural Cavities

Answer 49

Parietal pleura: against chest wall. Visceral Pleura: against lung. Interpleural space: between parietal and visceral. Mediastinum: Space between the two lungs

Question 50

Muscles of Respiration

Answer 50

Diaphragm External Intercostals (same directions as external obliques) Internal Intercostals